法学

If we want to change the situation of "disorder,scatteration, softness"in law education, we should go on our own special way in establishing the schooling mode, management fashion and training objective.

要彻底改变天津法学教育的"乱、散、软"局面，振兴天津法学教育，应当在办学模式、管理方式和培养目标上走自己的特色之路。

At present, there is an approach with which the translators sing high praise for the translated works and conduct their studies under the influence of them in the area of translation and study of law.

摘 要：在当前的法学翻译与研究领域，存在着一种译者高度赞扬所译作品并在其影响下进行研究的进路，这是一种值得警惕的法学翻译与研究方法。

The novel place of the method of economic analysis of l aw lies in the substitution the method of economic analysis to traditional legal method.

一、法律的经济分析方法对传统法学研究方法的替代法学传统代表着一个与数量分析不同的发展方向。

Scientific Development View brings the fundamental change of ideas in taw, provides the guideline for, and guarantees the sustainable development of national law.

科学发展观是指导民族法学发展的重要理论方针，它的提出实现了法律观念的根本转变，保障了民族法学的可持续发展。

The reanalysis of the rule whether a natural person can be sentenced to death penalty in a unit criminal case according to the deterrence hypothesis;5. the reanalysis in the view from economics of the double-penalty system in a unit crime by the rule of effectiveness, and the rationality of applying liberty-penalty to a judiciary party;6. the punishing rule applied to the co-crime of natural person and judicial party by the rule of local balance.

第一部分，法经济学的本质—效率和公正浑然一体，是全文的理论基础，主要将法学和经济学各自具有的不同原则(即法学的公正原则和经济学的效率原则)进行了大致介绍，同时从两大学科对社会生活的本质研究的一致性(即均是研究社会权益配置的合理性)来分析两大学科是如何达到相融，从而形成法经济学这门交叉学科的必然性。

As far as its essential connotation is concerned, the theory of "legal transaction" was the product of the voluntarism of the natural law jurisprudence.

法律行为理论的产生，就其实质内涵而言，受到意志论的法学思想的影响；就其形式角度而言，受到欧洲近代法学对人类行为所具有的法律意义的理论分析的影响。

Then the new idea associable with politics is introduced in legal category. And it has caused a great upsurge in the research of the Communist Party of China being in power by law– come into power in legal category.

而此政治话语下的依法执政理念被输入法学的范畴则催生了中国共产党执政法治化研究——法学视野中的依法执政。

The introduction first briefly reviews Western Europe\'s universal order of "recht" in middle ages: As independent political units, the city, the manor, the church parish, the ligeance and so on were set in a rank order, the relations between each rank were established in legal form, empire represented the highest rank, and simultaneously played an arbitrator\'s role, was the arbitrator of political units subordinated to the emperor. All of these ranks were placed in natural order created by God, thus, the Christianity religious doctrine had provided the final validity for the universal legal orders; then the symbiotic of the political evolution and the legal transformation will be discussed. Western jurisprudence resided in the Church during the middle Ages, after entering into modern era, resorted to the state."State" instead of "empire" became the basic concept of modem law, and new order of "recht" was bound to make legitimate argumentation for the nation; finally, the background and sketches of this article is explained. It will trace and analyze intrinsic evolution of the idea of legal order in the background of concrete politics--especially the geopolitics, inspects how the different nation-states split up from universal Christianly world and obtain their independence, inspecting differences of respective national path, the fit or unfit quality and the success or failure in this process.

导论首先简要回顾西欧中世纪大一统的法权秩序：作为独立政治单元的各城市、庄园、教区、领地等被镶嵌在一个等级秩序中，各个等级之间以法律的形式来确立相互之间的关系，帝国代表最高等级，同时扮演仲裁人的角色，是臣属其下的各个政治单元之间的仲裁者，而帝国等级又被安置在上帝创造的自然秩序中，因而，是基督教教义为大一统的法权秩序提供了最终的合法性；接着指出西欧政治演变与法权变革的共生性：西方法学在中世纪寄身于教会之中，进入近代以后则投靠了国家，&国家&代替&帝国&，成为近代法学构造的基本概念，新的法权秩序必然围绕民族国家展开；最后说明本文的论述方式和基本思路：本文将在具体的政治——特别是地缘政治——的背景中，追踪和解析法权观念的内在演变，由此进一步****不同民族国家内、异质的法权秩序如何从过去大一统的世界中分化剥离并获得独立，并试图检讨这一过程中不同民族道路的差异、优劣和得失。

The formational standards is also an essential factor for the reality of criminal justice.

在毒品犯罪形态的分析上，这种共同的语境和方法是客观存在的，第一是汉语言的标准；第二是刑法总则与分则的规定；第三是应用法学或注释法学必须采用的形式逻辑分析。

The second is the subjectivity and immaterialness in the applicability. The third is the advance of the content development. The forth is the formal neutrality and essential orientation and the last is the single goal and multiple arrangements.

针对有限的法学理论上关于证明标准特征的几种具有代表性的理论总结出本文所认为的民事诉讼证明标准在法学理论中所具有的特征，即内容上的客观性与确定性、适用上的主观性与无形性、内容发展中的历史前进性、形式的中立性与实质的倾向性、目标的单一性与层次设计的多元性。

Since historical times,England ,where the early inhabitants were Celts, has been conquered three times .

从有历史以来，英国，在此地早期居住的是凯尔特人，已经被征服了三次。

Bluetooth OBEX File Transfer Enables the sending and receiving of files on your phone via Bluetooth.

蓝牙OBEX文件移动允许经过蓝牙传送和接受文件。。。。