水平

In chapterⅡ, considering GLMMs data which the number of high units is different and the number of low units is small and unbalanced, we Conduct a series of simulations, the simulations show that regardless of the number of the level 2 units,the Bayesian estimate of random effects residual variance is more precise than PQL and the PQL estimation deviates from the true value seriously; In terms of the fixed effects estimates, When the number of level 2 units is 20, The mean and median of the Bayesian estimate is more precise than PQL,But With the number of level 2 units increase,the estimate of two methods is similar. Thus, in practical applications, we recommend the use of Bayesian method.

第二章针对不同高水平单位数，低水平数较小且不平衡的GLMMs数据，进行模拟研究，研究表明：无论水平2单位数的大小，贝叶斯方法随机效应残差方差估计值远比PQL法更接近真实值，PQL法严重偏离了真实值；而对固定效应参数估计值，当水平2单位数为20时，贝叶斯法各参数的均数和中位数均要较PQL法更接近真实值，而随着水平2单位数的增加，两种方法在估计固定效应参数时相差并不大，因而，在实际应用中，推荐采用贝叶斯法。

This paper has studied the physiological and biochemical changes during the period of forming strong buds of tree peony, and expect to provide academic basis for extending its view value and economic benefit . The main results are as the following:1 Under the field condition, Characteristics of photosynthesis of tree peony are very regular. From before blooming to the prophase of abducting buds that after blooming ,that is April,May and June,the net photosynthetic rate of tree peony is higher than the other period .It indicates that this period is very important for accumulating photosynthetic products of tree peony . So, if we want to get quality flower of tree peony ,it is very important to strengthen the management of tree peony cultivation and to ensure provide the fertilizer and water.2 From the middle ten days of June, with the time elapsing and with the environment conditions worsening, the characteristics of photosynthesis of tree peony decline deeply. But it is different among different tree peony breeds. For example , cv. Wu Long Peng Sheng can also has higher net photosynthetic rate, it indicates that cv. Wu Long Peng Sheng is super than the other two tree peony breeds when adapting the environment conditions and cv. Wu Long Peng Sheng has wide prospect to extend .3 The main factors of effecting the characteristics of photosynthesis are stomatal factor and non-stomatal factor ,that is the ability of photosynthesis of leaf cells. Under the environment of high light intensity in midsummer, if overshadow tree peony properly, then it can slow the declining of chlorophyll content, and increase the net photosynthetic rate and benefit for the accumulating of photosynthetic products.4 The content of soluble sugar in the root of tree peony is the highest among different organs during the period of forming strong buds . According to analyse ,we believe that the soluble sugar will compose starch then, and provide the solid base of material for the growth and development next year. It provide us strong academic basis of adopting the method of cultivating root and protecting root under thefield environment conditions .In other words ,it will help to increase the health level of the whole plant of tree peony and will be beneficial to forming quality tree peony flower if we strengthen the management of root. 5 To tree peony, the endogenesis hormone is important for its growth and development .In the prophase ,that is about the blooming of tree peony and the mid-summer ,IAA and ZR contents are higher and GA content is lower and its changes are very little, and the content of ABA is decreasing . This indicates that IAA and ZR act the important promote function for growth and development of tree peony in this period, and the function of GA is not important. Bur in the period of anniversary senescence of tree peony , the content of IAA and ZR begin to decrease ,while the ABA content has a certain rebound .T

本研究对几个牡丹品种壮芽形成过程中的某些生理生化变化做了研究，以期了解牡丹生长发育过程中生理生化的变化规律，探讨大田栽培条件下提高牡丹花质量的栽培措施和管理技术，为提高牡丹的观赏价值和经济效益提供理论依据，结果如下：1 大田栽培条件下，牡丹光合特性在生长发育过程中表现出极强的规律性，牡丹各品种的光合速率从牡丹开花前，到牡丹花谢后的花芽诱导期前期（6月10日之前），也就是在4、5、6月份，各牡丹品种的净光合速率相对与其他时间都维持在比较高的水平，这说明，在这段时间，是牡丹光合产物积累的重要时期，因此，要保证得到高质量的牡丹花，在这段时间加强对牡丹的栽培管理，保证这个时期的肥水供应十分重要。2 从6月中旬后，随时间的推移，环境条件的恶化，牡丹的光合性能剧烈下降，但是不同牡丹品种间仍有差异，比如，乌龙捧盛仍可维持较高的光合水平，这说明了乌龙捧盛这个牡丹品种对于环境的适应性较之其他牡丹品种高，有着广泛的推广前景。3 影响牡丹光合性能的主要因子是气孔因素和非气孔因素即叶肉细胞的光合能力，在盛夏高温高光强的环境条件下，对牡丹进行适当遮荫，能缓解牡丹叶绿素水平的下降，适当提高Pn，有利于光合产物的积累。4 可溶性糖在牡丹各品种的壮芽形成过程中，根中可溶性糖的含量在牡丹各部位中始终维持最高水平，分析认为这些可溶性糖在根系中进一步合成淀粉等储藏性物质，为来年牡丹的生长提供雄厚的物质基础，这为我们在大田栽培条件下对牡丹采取养根护根的栽培措施提供了有力的理论依据，即在大田栽培条件下，加强对牡丹根系的管理，有助于提高牡丹整株的健壮程度，有益于形成高质量的牡丹花。5内源激素对牡丹的生长发育调节作用是十分明显的，在前期，即开花前后和盛夏，IAA和ZR含量维持在比较高的水平，GA含量低且变化不明显，ABA含量逐渐降低，说明了IAA和ZR对牡丹在这段时间内的生长发育起到重要的促进作用，GA的作用不是很明显，ABA可能在高温高光强下有明显的升高，也说明了ABA的确有一些促进作用，但是到了牡丹周年衰老期，IAA和ZR的含量开始下降，ABA含量却有了一定程度的反弹，说明了IAA和ZR的作用开始降低，ABA起到了促进衰老的作用

Serum level of TNF-α was measured by unsaturation assay; Serum level of IL-2、IL-6、 IL-10 were measured by radioimmunoassay.

采用非饱和法测定肿瘤坏死因子α的水平；采用放射免疫法测定白介素-2(IL-2)、白介素-6(IL-6)和白介素-10(IL-10)的水平；采用酶联免疫吸附法测定肌钙蛋白Ⅰ的水平；采用速率法测定丙氨酸转换酶的水平；采用肌氨酸氧化酶法测定肌酐的水平。

In the first section, the effect of sodium houttuyfonate on the level of lysozyme secreted by macrophages was first tested by bacteriolytic method; then the effect of sodium houttuyfonate on the level of tartaric acid resistant acid phosphatase produced in macrophages was investigated by analyzing the phenol generated in the reaction that was catalyzed by the enzyme; the third, the effect of sodium houttuyfonate on the phagocytic activity of macrophages was observed by microscopy; the forth, the effect of sodium houttuyfonate on the production of complement C4 from macrophages was tested by hemolytic method; the fifth, the effect of sodium houttuyfonate on the expression of C3b receptors on the surface of macrophages was analyzed by observing the formation percentage of zymosan wreath; the sixth, the effect of sodium houttuyfonate on the respiratory burst in macrophages was tested by flow cytometry; the seventh, the effect of sodium houttuyfonate on the production of IL-1α and IL-1β from macrophages was tested by ELISA method.

在这一章中，首先，采用溶菌法考察合成鱼腥草素对巨噬细胞分泌溶菌酶水平的影响；其次，采用游离酚法研究合成鱼腥草素对巨噬细胞产生的耐酒石酸酸性磷酸酶水平的影响；第三，采用显微镜观察法考察合成鱼腥草素对巨噬细胞吞噬功能的影响；第四，采用溶血法测定合成鱼腥草素对巨噬细胞产生的补体C4水平的影响；第五，采用酵母花环法检测合成鱼腥草素对巨噬细胞表面C3b受体水平的影响；第六，采用流式细胞术法观察合成鱼腥草素对巨噬细胞呼吸爆发的影响；第七，采用ELISA法探讨合成鱼腥草素对巨噬细胞产生IL-1α及IL-1β水平的影响。

The head is slowly turned 90° toward the side where nystagmus is induced less intensely. Then the head is rotated 180° rapidly toward the opposite side. This article reports three cases of the ageotropic form of HC-BPPV that were cured by rapid head rotation. The three cases demonstrated that rapid head rotation was an effective maneuver to treat cupulolithiasis on the utricle side. It is recommended that rapid head rotation can be used for therapeutic diagnosis: If nystagmus subsides immediately after this maneuver, the diagnosis is cupulolithias is on utricle side. If nystagmus changes into the geotropic form, the diagnosis is cupulolithiasis on canal side or canalolithiasis in the anterior arm of horizontal semicircular canal. A repositioning maneuver for geotropic form can then be applied to treat these patients.

逆地眼振型水平半规管良性阵发位置性眩晕的3种耳石可能位置如下：水平半规管前臂的管耳石、管侧的顶帽沉石(canal side cupulo-lithias1s)与囊侧的顶帽沉石，本文报告3例以快速转头治疗逆地眼振型水平半规管良性阵发位置性眩晕成功的病例，显示快速转头法对囊侧的顶帽沉石具迅速有效的治疗效果，对於逆地眼振型水平半规管良性阵发位置性眩晕的治疗，作者建议先以快速转头作治疗性诊断，若病人马上复原，诊断为囊侧的顶帽沉石；若眼振转为向地型，则诊断为水平半规管前臂的管耳石或管侧的顶帽沉石，进一步再以向地型的耳石复位法治疗病人。

Results are as followed:1 Exposure of HELF cells to BP caused c-Jun activation,and increased the activity of MAPK,PI-3K,p53 and cyclin D1 pathway.2 BP-induced c-Jun activation was inhibited by dominant negative mutants of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase or c-Jun NH_2-terminal kinase,but not by p38,impling that JNK and ERK pathways medicate c-Jun activation induced by BP.3 Overexpression of dominant-negative mutants PI-3K and Akt potently blocked phosphorylations of c-Jun and ERK,but not JNK in response to BP,suggesting that PI-3K/Akt pathway positively regulates BP-induced c-Jun activation through ERK.4 Inhibition of p53 by its chemical or molecular inhibitor markedly increased the phosphorylation levels of c-Jun,Akt and ERK upon BP stimulation,indicating that p53 negatively medicates BP-induced c-Jun activation through PI-3K/Akt/ERK pathway.5 The cell lines expressed TAM67 exhibits no significant affecting normal cell growth properties.6 TAM67 was able to significantly block G_1-S transition and subsequent cell proliferation,suggesting that c-Jun is essential for cell cycle alternations elicited by BP.7 Overexpression of TAM67 impaired BP-induced cyclin D1 activation,decreasing expression of E2F1 and pRb,indicating that c-Jun participates in the modulation of BP-induced activation of cyclin D1/pRb/E2F1 pathway.8 Stably expression of TAM67 led to the increases in the expression levels of p53 and p21,elevating phosphorylation level of p53,clearly indicating that c-Jun regulates p53/p21 pathway activation induced by BRCollectively,PI3K/Akt/ERK pathway mediated BP-induced c-Jun activation through p53-dependent mechanism.

结果显示：1BP刺激细胞可促进c-Jun活化，并伴随着MAPK、PI-3K、p53和cyclinD1通路各组成成分的活性增强。2利用MAPK通路的显性失活突变体分别阻断细胞外信号调节激酶和c-Jun氨基末端激酶活性，均可明显抑制BP诱导的c-Jun活化，但阻断p38活性对BP引起的c-Jun活化无明显影响，提示JNK和ERK通路参与调控BP诱导的c-Jun活化。3过表达PI-3K和Akt的显性失活突变体也可显著抑制BP诱导的c-Jun活化，并降低磷酸化ERK的表达水平，但对磷酸化JNK的表达水平无明显影响，说明PI-3K/Akt通路通过ERK正性调控了BP诱导的c-Jun活化。4p53的化学/分子抑制剂能使BP作用的细胞内c-Jun活性明显增加，并同时诱导Akt和ERK的磷酸化水平的升高，表明p53可通过PI-3K/Akt/ERK通路对BP诱导的c-Jun活化进行负性调控。5随后观察转染细胞的生长情况，发现TAM67对细胞正常生长和形态无明显影响。6稳定表达TAM67可有效抑制BP诱导的S期细胞数的增加，提示c-Jun在BP致细胞周期改变的过程中发挥了重要作用。7TAM67过表达能够抑制BP诱导的cyclin D1活化，降低磷酸化Rb以及E2F1蛋白表达水平，表明c-Jun参与调控BP诱导的cyclin D1/Rb/E2F1通路的活化。8过表达TAM67可使BP刺激的细胞中p53、p21总蛋白以及p53磷酸化的表达水平明显升高，可见c-Jun也参与调控BP诱导的p53/p21通路活化。

Supplement of pyruvate can increase serum LPL levels remarkably(p.05)and decrease serum HL level but no significant statistical difference in rats and swimming rats, decrease serum T4 levels during resting obviously(p.05)in rats and reduce serum T4 levels to certain extent in swimming rats. It indicated that pyruvate supplement could regulate lipometabolism in rats and swimming rats by means of the effect on enzyme and hormone levels.

丙酮酸补充还可明显降低大鼠血糖水平(P.05)，一定程度地升高其血清FFA水平；明显降低大鼠血清TC水平和游泳大鼠血清TG水平(p.05)，使大鼠和游泳大鼠血清HDL-C含量呈一定的升高趋势，并明显降低了游泳大鼠血清LDL-C水平(P.05)，这表明丙酮酸具有持久、稳定的降血脂作用，配合运动补充，作用效果可能会更明显；4。

Venous blood was drawn from 35 old hypertension patients when blood pressure was nomial and abnormal, respectively. Epinephrine. norepinephine, endothelins, angiotensin Ⅱ and calcitonin-gene-related peptide were determined by radio-immunity. The above five cytokines were also determined in 33 old healthy people. The cytokines levels were compared between the normal and abnormal blond pressure in hypertension patients and also between the old hypertension patients and healthy persons. The correlation between blood pressure and cytokines were analyzed.

35例老年EH患者，血压正常时和血压波动时各抽取静脉血一次，放射免疫法检测肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素、内皮素、血管紧张素Ⅱ和降钙素基因相关肽水平，同时检测33例健康老年人群各因子水平，比较EH患者血压波动前后各因子水平的差异和血压正常范围时两组人群各因子水平差异，分析不同状态下血压和各因子水平之间的相关性。

According to the definition of OCSP, patients were classified into the following 4 clinical subgroups:total anterior circulation infarcts, partial anterior circulation infarcts, lacunar infarcts, and posterior circulation infarcts by 1 neurologist.The frequencies were compared between subgroups, In the subgroup of which frequency was hightest, progressive and nonprogressive patients were compared in terms of the following variables:age, gender, hypertension,diabetes mellitus,cigarette smoking, The Canadian Neurological Scale Score at entry, systolic blood pressure at entry,fever at entry(body temperature37°C),stochastic blood glucose at entry, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, fibrinogen, large-artery atherosclerosis (50% stenosis or occlusion of the corresponding artery).

对进展性脑卒中发病率最高的亚型，选取年龄、性别、既往高血压史、糖尿病史、吸烟史、入院时加拿大卒中量表(The Canadian Neurological Scale Score，CNS)评分、入院时收缩压、入院时发热(体温大于37°C)、入院时随机血糖、胆固醇水平、甘油三酯水平、高密度脂蛋白水平、低密度脂蛋白水平、纤维蛋白原水平、相应大动脉粥样硬化(≥50%狭窄或闭塞)共15个可能的危险因素进行评定。

RESULTS Plasma levels of IL-8, IL-10, MMP-9 were higher at 1 h, 4 h and 6 h aortic dclamping off in continuous ventilation and the nonventilation group, and IL-8 level were significantly higher in nonventilation group compared with ventilation group, IL-10 levels were significantly higher in the ventilation group than nonventilation group after 1 h and 4 h, 6 h, TIMP-1 levels were significantly higher in the ventilation group than that in nonventilation group after 1 h and 4 h.

TIMP-1的血浆水平在术后持续升高，在术后1 h和4 h持续通气组较非通气组明显增高。血浆中TXB2水平在主动脉开放后1 h、4 h和6 h明显高于术前水平，持续通气组较非通气组水平明显降低。支气管肺泡灌洗液中IL-8、IL-10、MMP-9和TXB2 水平在主动脉开放后4 h较术前明显升高。

It is also known as one of the most poisonous naturally occurring substances.

它也被称为一个最自然发生的有毒物质。

The greatest stress is found at the location on the cross section where V is the largest.

最大应力出现在横截面上V为最大的地方。