方法的

The proposed method is based on a higher order likelihood-based asymptotic procedure. The merits of the proposed method are numerically compared with the signed log-likelihood ratio statistic and the simple t-test method with respect to their expected lengths, coverage probabilities and type I errors.

我们所利用的方法是以概似函数为基础的高阶近似方法，并且我们利用模拟的方法去跟signed log-likelihood ratio及 simple t-test 两种方法比较所建构出的信赖区间的覆盖机率和平均宽度以及所对应检定的型I错误来检视我们所利用方法的优劣。

The basic principle, advantage, disadvantage and the improvement for measuring liquid surface tension with different methods were described. The methods were capillary rise method, Wilhelmy plate method, pendent drop method, drop volume method, maximum bubble pressure method. The problems in the surface tension measurement of wide temperature and pressure range, the chosen of experimental methods and the development tendency of these were introduced especially in this paper.

本文着重介绍了几种液体表面张力的测定方法（包括毛细管上升法、Wilhelmy盘法、悬滴法、滴体积法、最大气泡压力法），包括这几种方法的测定原理、优缺点及改进方法，特别指出了宽温度和压力范围的表面张力测定存在的问题，实验方法的选择及表面张力测定方法的发展趋势。

The basic principle,advantage,disadvantage and the improvement for measuring liquid surface tension with different methods were described.The methods were capillary rise method,Wilhelmy plate method,pendent drop method,drop volume method,maximum bubble pressure method.The problems in the surface tension measurement of wide temperature and pressure range,the chos...

本文着重介绍了几种液体表面张力的测定方法(包括毛细管上升法、Wilhelmy盘法、悬滴法、滴体积法、最大气泡压力法)，包括这几种方法的测定原理、优缺点及改进方法，特别指出了宽温度和压力范围的表面张力测定存在的问题，实验方法的选择及表面张力测定方法的发展趋势。

The typic characteristic of this method is the dynamic adjustment of the sampling interval with the change of the network traffic.

作者在研究传统抽样方法和分层随机双抽样方法的基础上，提出自适应随机双抽样方法，该方法最显著的特征是能够随网络流量的变化动态调整抽样间隔。

Based on the study and inheritance of the domestic and overseas achievement in the related field, this thesis makes research into the theory and application: On theory, this thesis puts forward the concepts of Engineering Cost, Engineering Cost Management and Engineering Cost Estimation, analyzes the relation between them; And it introduces the factors which influence the engineering cost estimation, then puts forward the study of the methods; It particularizes the common methods of estimating the engineering cost, introduces the principle, the operation and the application condition, and analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of each method; By introducing the mention, the principle, the reasoning process and the comparison with the traditional reasoning mechanisms, it makes out the essence of this method, and views it as a whole.

本文在研究、继承已有国内外研究成果的基础上，在理论和应用方面都进行了研究：理论方面，提出了工程造价、工程造价管理、工程造价估算的概念，分析之间的相互关联；介绍工程造价估算的影响因素，提出对编制方法的探讨；列举出目前常用的工程造价估算方法，介绍各种方法的原理、使用方法及应用条件，分析各自的优缺点；通过介绍基于案例推理的提出、基本原理、推理过程和与传统推理机制的比较，剖析该方法的精髓，对其有了整体把握。应用方面，基于对研究对象的深刻理解，分析了工程造价估算问题和基于案例推理二者结合的必要性和可行性；建立了基于案例推理的工程造价估算系统，综合运用模糊数学、灰色理论、运筹学等知识，构造了系统算法；并运用上述理论和方法进行了实例分析，实现了基于案例推理的工程造价估算问题的初步研究，使得运用基于案例推理方法解决工程造价估算问题的设想得到了肯定。

Bragg matched and detuned uniform gratings as well as non uniform gratings have been analyzed by using this method.

用这一方法计算了均匀光纤光栅布拉格相位匹配、失配情况和非均匀光纤光栅的反射系数，并将其结果与用耦合波理论、Rouard方法以及基础矩阵方法的结果进行了比较，并检验了这些方法的精度。

Implicit-pressure-explicitconcentration method was used. To assure the reliability of solution, including single point upstream, two-point upstream, LUDS method, and high order method based on LUDS; and material balance check is also provided.

模型采用了隐式压力和显式浓度的求解方法，为了保证求解的可靠性，采用了多种差分机制，包括单点上游权、两点上游权、LUDS方法和基于LUDS方法的高阶方法，并提供了物质平衡校验机制。

The methods of chip-breaking in machining pipe thread were researched deeply, which are classified into two categories: the methods acting on tools and adding auxiliary devices for chip-breaking. The principle of work, the technical characteristics, the advantages and disadvantages, and so on were analyzed, compared and summarized, and the following research directions were also pointed out.

摘 要：深入研究了管螺纹加工的断屑方法，将目前管螺纹加工的断屑方法分为两大类——作用于刀具上的方法和增加断屑辅助装置的方法，并对各种方法的工作原理、技术特点及优缺点等进行了全面的分析、比较和总结，指出了管螺纹加工断屑方法仍然存在的问题和下一步的研究方向。

Main points of the thesis are as follows:(1) The main function models and information relations between these models in the CAPP system in the integrated CAD/CAM project are explained, a new process plan design method is mentioned based on analyses of process plan design. This method is based on the process plan prototype, and develops the prototype little by little until the perfect process plan is completed, the prospect of this method is discussed;(2) The feature abstracting rules and methods are studied, a feature coding system is developed based on GT, all the defined feature models are described by the mathematical methods;(3) The integrated method of CAD/CAPP based on features is mentioned, this method defines a feature exchanging model, and develops an interface software to exchange design data into technology data base, this technology data base includes the design and technology information of the parts;(4) The process plan reasoning method based on features is created, this method uses Mycin algorithm to solve the reasoning of the feature process plan. A process plan making system is developed. In this system part process plan is made by the semi-intelligent method, this method uses the feature reasoning, feature process chain searching and man-computer talking together;(5) The main structure of the HOPE system is introduced, a shaft drawing and its process plan made by this system are shown, the data process problem in process drawing making is also discussed;(6) A new method of describing process rule is introduced, this method uses IfThen rules and neural nets weight values together to describe process rules, the BP algorithm is adopted in this method;(7) The optimal machining sequence problem of the process steps on the same fixturing is discussed, optimal algorithms SA is applied to solve this problem, the result shows that this method is more efficient than the traditional method;(8) All jobs in the thesis are summarized. In order to carry out the research in the future, some rational proposals are given.

全文论述的内容主要有下列几个方面：(1)较为系统地阐述了CAD／CAM一体化工程项目中CAPP系统的主要功能模块及其信息流程，在分析工艺设计过程的基础上，提出了基于特征原型的渐进式工艺设计方法，并探讨了该方法的应用前景；(2)研究了零件特征提取的原则和方法，在成组技术的基础上，开发了一套基于特征的分类编码系统，并在提取零件特征的基础上，定义了零件特征的数据模型，开发了基于轴类零件特征的参数化设计系统；(3)研究了基于特征的CAD／CAPP集成的方法，通过定义零件特征数据模型的存储结构，开发了将设计数据转换到工艺数据库中的接口程序，为后续的CAPP系统提供必要的零件形状和工艺信息；(4)研究了基于特征的工艺推理方法，将Mycin算法应用到工艺决策中，开发了基于特征的工艺推理及工艺方案生成系统，在系统中综合运用特征推理、特征加工工艺链查询及人机对话相结合的半智能化方法确定零件加工工艺；(5)介绍了整个HOPE系统的总体结构，通过运行HOPE系统绘出了一轴类零件的零件图，并生成了该零件的加工工艺方案，初步探讨了基于特征的工序图生成技术中数据处理问题；(6)研究了工艺设计过程中知识如何有效表示的问题，提出了将显式的IF-THEN规则表示与隐式神经网络权值表示相结合的工艺知识表示方法，并利用BP算法进行了工艺知识表示的初步研究；(7)研究了工艺设计过程中同一安装下工步优化排序问题，利用神经网络中基于模拟退火的理论来解决该工步优化排序问题，实践证明该方法较传统的算法具有更高的效率；(8)总结了本文所进行的研究工作，为今后进一步开展工作提出了较为合理的建议。

These methods oftenyield widely different results so that the results must be traceable to the referencemethod to assure the accuracy and comparability.In 1964 the Expert Panel on Haemoglobinometry of ICSH drew uprecommendations for haemoglobinometry in human blood that were published in1967. The method had been revised three times; the apparatus, reagent and procedurehad been changed. We have established the reference method in our laboratoryaccording to the requirements of ICSH. Its methodology characteristics need to bevalidated whether the method is fit for charaterisation of haemiglobincyanidereference material.

国际血液学标准化委员会于1967年确定了血红蛋白的参考方法，至今该方法已修订三次，仪器、试剂、操作程序等都有改变，本实验室按照ICSH的要求建立了血红蛋白测定的参考方法，为了验证血红蛋白参考方法用于标准物质定值的可行性，我们对血红蛋白测定参考方法的性能进行了评价。

Cynanchum Lingtai apricot production in the average weight 65 grams, the brightly-colored fruit, juicy rich, sweet-sour taste, sweet from the nucleolus, when the late Qing Dynasty famous Shaanxi, Gansu provinces, the Qing imperial court Tongzhi tribute for years.

灵台生产的牛心杏平均单果重65克，果实色泽鲜艳，汁多味浓，甜酸适口，离核仁甜，清末时就驰名陕、甘两省，清同治年间曾为朝廷贡品。

Chenopodium album,Solanum nigrum, and Amaranthus retroflexus were very susceptible to the herbicides. Polygonum persicaria and Abutilon theophrasti were relatively less susceptible to the herbicides, and Lycopersicon esculentum was not susceptible to it. The relationship between reduction rates of weed biomass and PPM values of weed leaves 2,4, and 6 days after treatment was established.

供试的6种杂草对该混剂的敏感性存在显著差异：红心藜Chenopodium album、龙葵Solanum nigrum和反枝苋Amaranthus retroflexus对该混剂最敏感，ED90值分别为47.65、71.67和29.17g/hm2；春蓼Polygonum persicaria和苘麻Abutilon theophrasti敏感，ED90值分别为96.91、114.20g/hm2；而番茄不敏感。