文人

Eng. Abstract】 The scholar group of Yexia is the first one which shows strong literary color.

邺下文人集团是中国历史上第一个文学色彩极为明显的文人集团。

The tea drinking resulted the tea sets, and the tea sets have been the unity of the elegant artifact and the common aliment in the course of the history. They were so close with the scholars that they were the reflex and the reposement of the spirit of the scholars. In addition, the tea sets were the products of the history. Because the tea sets developed in the continual change of the needs of the people" s tea drinking, they presented bright times" character.

茶具因人们饮茶的需要而产生，随着历史的演变，它成了高雅艺术品和世俗生活用品的统一体；它与文人的关系密切，是文人心灵的折射，成了他们的精神寄托；作为历史产物的茶具因其满足了人们不断变化的需求而不断发展，每个时期的茶具呈现出鲜明的个性。

Such as the opinion of Wei can be regarded as the time of "Literary consciousness" which was drew by Japanese Sinologist SUZUKI TORAO Huxiong, it considers the literature as belles-lettres.

其对文学自觉的论述一方面是"不寓教训"的文学观，另一方面他又从文人主体的存在状态出发，以药与酒作为文人生命中的两个独特现象，从主体心理的角度对文学自觉做出了更深层次的论述。

By checking the historical texts as the notes, poems, essays of the contemporary and later intelligentsia, also including the concerned local chorography, art history literature and the collectors' opinions, this paper tries to analyze why the women artistic practices were so vital and how they were recorded in such a historical context, what's their feature and position in the art history.

本文通过对当时文人的笔记、诗文集，以及画史和地方志等文本中有关晚明清初女画家的写作或记载，通过对当时文人或鉴藏家有关她们艺术作品的题跋、评论和鉴藏，来分析探讨晚明清初江浙地区女性绘画蓬勃兴起的原因，女画家及其艺术进入历史的途径，以及女性绘画的特色及其与艺术传统的关系。

That is to say, we could draw a conclusion through the comparison of different editions of drum words of Two Degrees Plum in Qing Dynasty Republic of China with the form, content and thought of novel, and the comparison of the form, content and thought with different editions of drum words. Our conclusion is that different type of edition of the drum words in latter Qing Dynasty times, which basically followed the traditional modes of past drum words from the formality, but the ideological content could directly reflect the vicissitudes of society and idea at that time with the times changed. The different types of texts of drum words had directly reflected the traditional entertainment involving talking and singing entertainer's thoughts (they represented the first floor people's thoughts at that time), and also had directly reflected the common and popular writers'thoughts from their adaptions(they represented at that time one kind of residential social stratum thought which increased sharply along with city expanded and resident social stratum population produced, and this thought also referred to one kind of thought after the chromolithography had entered into China in latter Qing dynasty, cultural printing propagation velocity sped up and drum words gradually became the ordinary resident's table-top reading material).This kind of thought produced along with the social vicissitudes, also impelled the entire society's forward development and the progress from the science and technology and the cultural domain.

本文即是对《二度梅》小说故事被改编为鼓词的文本进行研究的一篇论文，即通过对现存的清代民国《二度梅》鼓词的不同类型的版本与小说形式、内容、思想之间的比较，鼓词与鼓词不同类型版本之间的形式、内容、思想之间的比较，来阐述出一个结论，就是晚清时期的不同类型的鼓词版本，从形式上基本仍然沿袭了过去鼓词的传统模式，但内容思想上则随着时代变化而能够更直接地反映着当时的社会思想变迁，鼓词不同类型的版本文本直接反映了说唱艺人的思想(他们代表的是当时底层民众的思想)，也直接反映了文人改编鼓词的普通俗文人思想(他们代表了当时随着城市的扩大市民阶层人数的激增而产生的一种市民阶层的思想，当然这种思想也是指晚清石印术进入中国后文化印刷传播速度加快，鼓词逐渐成为普通市民的案头读物后而产生的一种思想来说的)，正是这种随着社会变迁产生的思想，又从科技和文化领域推动了整个社会的向前发展和进步。

The third part "Wu"s selfhood ideal" tries to reveal the humanism connotation of "using Tao to fight against Shi", through the analysis of Wu"s two kinds of ideal personality-man of honour and queer bachelor. In Wu"s opinion, at the end of the feudal times, the clerisy can vindicate the dignity of culture and the selfhood of literator, only by disputing the infraction of common customs thoughts and retaining the logos spirits of clerisy. This is Wu"s rational thinking to the dilemma lot when Chinese literators couldn"t unify "Tao" and "Shi.

第三部分"吴敬梓的人格理想"旨在通过对吴敬梓君子、奇人两种理想人格的分析，揭示其中蕴涵的"以道抗势"的人文内涵，在吴敬梓看来，在那个风雨如晦的封建末世里，作为"社会的良心"的知识分子，只有抗拒世俗思想的侵害，保持住文人的理性精神，才能维护文化的尊严和文人人格的尊严，这是吴敬梓对中国文人在"道"与"势"无法统一的情境下两难命运的理性思考。

Secondly, proceed with psychoanalysis, describe such life touching and impact to the thing that literati" s soul produce of common customs with specific time and situation atmosphere of festival, show the literati" s positioning oneself and concern about one s own life value.

其次，从心理分析入手，论述岁时节日这种具有特定时间和情境氛围的世俗生活对文人心灵产生的触动和冲击，展现出文人的自我定位和对自我生命价值的关注。

In the development of Chinese drama, owing to the literati's participation in playwriting, the"thematic consciousness"and the"structural concept"derived from traditional poetry and prose aroused the Ming literati's reflection on the"lyricism"and the"dramaticism"of Chinese drama, urging them to make concrete improvements on dramaturgy. The Ming literati's efforts formed a new trend of theorizing the writing of Chinese drama.

中国戏曲发展至明代，由於文人染指日深，诗文文学中所固有的「主题意识」与「结构观念」曾启示，或诱发了部分文人对於戏曲中所必有之「抒情性」与「戏剧性」之结合产生深刻之反省，并亦使之有了具体改革的尝试，因而逐渐呈现出意图将戏曲之创作予以理论化之趋势。

By changing their sociality mode, the media focused the journalists, whose similar career, position, idea, interest brought very strong inter-identity and new-model community which more intellectual took part in as a giant intellectual group in virtue of the media.

近代媒体改变着传统文人的交往方式，媒体的效应使报人成为中心人物，相近的身份、处境、观念和趣味使报人之间产生强烈的认同感，从而形成新型的交际圈，他们广泛的社会关系和媒体的便利使更多的文人加入其中，构成庞大的文人群体。

Part One A Comprehensive Study Chapter One Self-comparison, Self-description and Selfnarration: Self-expression of Fiction——Fiction Creative Motivations of The Men of Letters from the Perspective of Creative Characteristics. A Dream of Red Mansions is a story of a stone itself, Du Shaoqing in The Scholars is a self-decription of Wu Jingzi, Wen Ruyu in An Immortal's Roam in the Green Fields, Li Baichuan. To a great extent, the heroes in these novels reflect the experiences and thoughts of the authors. Although there exist many differences between the novels, but self-description and self-expression are their common characteristics, they include and indicate the particular personal experiences of the creative subject play a decisive role in creation in the development Chinese fiction, and the most direct creative motivation for the scholars in the Qianlong period.

上编 综论第一章&自譬&&自况&&自寓&：长篇小说的自我抒解性——从创作特征看乾隆时期文人长篇小说的创作动因《红楼梦》是&自譬石头所记之事&，《儒林外史》中杜少卿为吴敬梓&自况&，《野叟曝言》中文素臣之于夏敬渠，《绿野仙踪》的冷于冰、温如玉之于李百川，都有相当程度的&自寓&性，这几部小说尽管在诸多方面相差甚远，但在自我影写、自我抒解的&自况&特征上有着共同性，这正是小说发展到清代中期，文人独立创作长篇小说最具有时代性的特征，它包含和指向的是中国长篇小说发展进程中创作主体的人生特殊性对小说创作之决定性意义的问题，包含着乾隆时期文人长篇小说最直接的创作动因。

Since historical times,England ,where the early inhabitants were Celts, has been conquered three times .

从有历史以来，英国，在此地早期居住的是凯尔特人，已经被征服了三次。

Bluetooth OBEX File Transfer Enables the sending and receiving of files on your phone via Bluetooth.

蓝牙OBEX文件移动允许经过蓝牙传送和接受文件。。。。