推理上的

The internal and international research results in this field are summarized and analyzed in this paper,and then a design of the GIS thematic analysis model based on automatic programming is proposed.

论文在总结和分析这一领域国内外已发表的研究成果的基础上，提出一种基于规划自动生成的GIS专题分析模型的设计方案，并详细阐释了该分析模型中知识表示、自动推理等的设计细节。

As for reasoning strategy, an inference engine with compound structure of multiple series-parallel sub-inference-engines is constructed. The inference engine, as a whole, employs forward reasoning.

在推理策略方面，本文构造了一个多并串子推理机组合结构的推理机制，推理方式在总体上是正向推理。

We like to think that we speak logically all the time, but we are aware that we sometimes use illogical means to persuade others of our point of view. In the heat of an impassioned argument, or when we are afraid our disputant has a stronger case, or when we don't quite have all the facts we'd like to have, we are prone to engage in faulty processes of reasoning, using arguments we hope will appear sound.

我们喜欢认为我们说话逻辑上的全部时间，但我们都知道，我们有时会使用不符合逻辑的手段来说服别人，我们的观点来看，在激烈的一个慷慨激昂的论调，又或者当我们是怕我们disputant具有较强案，又或者当我们不太有全部的事实，我们希望有，我们很容易进行故障过程中的推理，用的论据，我们希望会出现声音。

During the study of incidence calculus theory, we firstly clarified original incidence calculus and the probabilistic reasoning mechanism on it. We then introduced the improvement of generalized incidence calculus theory proposed by Liu~[18], which establishes incidence calculus theory on Lukasiewiczs three valued logic.

本文首先阐述了原始的发生率计算理论及其上的概率推理机制，然后引入Liu对该理论的改进，以Lukasiewicz三值逻辑为基础，并提出了这个扩展的理论与证据理论之间的等价关系。

After analyzing the merit and lack of 9I model, the main idea is proposed: to distill some basic topological relations from 9I model, of which the composite topological relations of complex objects are made up. In detail, the composite topological relationships between region and region, line and line, line and region are particularly discussed;(2)Analyze the characteristics and inner relations of cadastral features. According to the expressional model of complex topological relations, the author discovers the possible topological relations between parcels, parcel lines and parcel points. In addition, sum up the general topological relationship rules of cadastral data.(3) Then the topological relations model is extended to the spatio-temporal data. Time in cadastral database and change semantic are discussed. It's redefined that spatio-temporal topological relations is composed of time, location, status and event relation. Spatio-temporal topological relationships can be represented by extended 4I model. Taking cadastral parcels as example, there are different possible spatio-temporal topological relationships between parcels when they are extended, shrunken, split, merged or others. Thus, some deductions are drawn that, for example, if parcels have be coexisting for some time they are impossible to be overlapped. Furthermore, the parents of parcels alternated and their possible change types can be detected by their spatio-temporal topological relationships.(4) Before carrying out the experiment, the calculation method must be designed.

具体研究工作及成果如下：（1）根据点集拓扑理论中与拓扑空间相关的概念，本文对空间的点、线、面进行了重新定义，以区分对象的复杂性；分析了9I模型在表示简单对象方面的优点，以及在表达复杂对象上的不足，阐述了本文的研究思路和解决方案，并以复杂的面面、线线和线面为例详细探讨了复合拓扑关系的表达方法；（2）分析了地籍权属数据和地类数据的内涵、特点和要素之间的联系，根据复杂对象的拓扑关系表达模型，本文讨论了宗地、界址线、界址点之间，图斑、线状地物、零星地类之间可能存在的拓扑关系和形式化表达方法，归纳总结了地籍对象的拓扑关系满足的约束性规则；（3）将拓扑关系的研究延伸到时空领域，从地籍对象的时态性出发，本文阐述了地籍数据中时间的含义和变化语义描述的需要；从时间、位置、状态、事件等之间的拓扑关系方面，重新系统性地进行了时空拓扑关系的定义；研究了一维时间和二维空间的集成表达方式，以宗地、界址线为例，分析了变更前后不同时间区间里可能的拓扑关系，探讨了时空拓扑关系对时空变化操作类型和变化语义的推理方法和意义；（4）为实现空间拓扑关系的查询分析等应用，本文研究了空间拓扑关系的计算方法。

At each level, the parameters, hyper parameters and model parameters are adjusted to minimize the Kullback-Leibler divergence between their posteriors and real distributions so that the variable free energy can approach the real free energy.

在指出证据框架和自由能最小化方法等贝叶斯推理方法的局限性的前提下，通过对比证据框架的方法，提出了自由能框架的概念，将通常难以求解的自由能最小化过程分解成参数自由能最小化、超参数自由能最小化、模型参数自由能最小化等层次，在每个层次上调节参数、超参数和模型参数，使其后验分布为其真实分布之同的Kullback-Leibler距最小，以使可变自由能逼近真实自由能。

Up until then, the primary justifications for denying Einstein a Nobel had been scientific: his work was purely theoretical, and it putatively did not involve the "discovery" of any new laws.

在那之前，不承认爱因斯坦获得诺贝尔将的主要原因一直以来都是科学上的：他的工作是纯理论新的，而且按这样的推理，他的理论没有包含任何新规律的&发现&。

Therefore, this thesis is composed of five parts: Chapter One focuses on theoretical studies on second language reading; Chapter Two is devoted to theoretical studies relevant to textuality; Chapter Three introduces the theory of informativity and situationality; Chapter Four further deals with how those textual devices affect reading; Chapter Five is a detailedreport of an experiment including a reading test and a written questionnaires.

另外，本研究中所谈及的语篇手段的理论上的依据主要涉及了信息性和情景性这两个方面的内容，它们对阅读过程的影响又具体涵盖了信息性、主位化、局部衔接、词汇、句法、情景义、推理和预测这些次方面的内容。

In addition, the potential advantages and constraints of using a dual-hypothesis testing strategy were discussed, as well as its relation with the reasoners' working memory. In Experiment 2, a group of university students were instructed on the limited dual-hypothesis testing developed by the researchers. Their performance in the rule-discovery task significantly improved when compared with the contrast group.c

我们讨论采用双假设测试法的可能优势并考虑工作记忆资源的限制，据此我们指导另一组大学生采用一种「有限的双假设测试策略」，结果一般大学生在假设检验推理作业上的成功率由26.7%大幅提升至81.8%。

The magnetic field that they produce greatly disturbs the geomagnetism because it is close to the measuring house.

本文就宿迁台地磁场的观测情况、根据IAGA推荐的理论公式计算理论上的干扰、实际产生的干扰效果等方面给出简单陈述，并就其中的因果关系做出简单的分析和推理，以求对这次干扰做一合理的解释。

Cynanchum Lingtai apricot production in the average weight 65 grams, the brightly-colored fruit, juicy rich, sweet-sour taste, sweet from the nucleolus, when the late Qing Dynasty famous Shaanxi, Gansu provinces, the Qing imperial court Tongzhi tribute for years.

灵台生产的牛心杏平均单果重65克，果实色泽鲜艳，汁多味浓，甜酸适口，离核仁甜，清末时就驰名陕、甘两省，清同治年间曾为朝廷贡品。

Chenopodium album,Solanum nigrum, and Amaranthus retroflexus were very susceptible to the herbicides. Polygonum persicaria and Abutilon theophrasti were relatively less susceptible to the herbicides, and Lycopersicon esculentum was not susceptible to it. The relationship between reduction rates of weed biomass and PPM values of weed leaves 2,4, and 6 days after treatment was established.

供试的6种杂草对该混剂的敏感性存在显著差异：红心藜Chenopodium album、龙葵Solanum nigrum和反枝苋Amaranthus retroflexus对该混剂最敏感，ED90值分别为47.65、71.67和29.17g/hm2；春蓼Polygonum persicaria和苘麻Abutilon theophrasti敏感，ED90值分别为96.91、114.20g/hm2；而番茄不敏感。