推理

This paper presents a reasoning algorithm which contains three new concepts , they are 1 assuming that cause nodes do not affect result node directly , they only contribute an intensity to the probability distribution of result node 2 importing the concept of unitizing coefficient 3 assuming that they are mutex among all states of all linkage events pointing to a same node .

即原因节点对结果节点状态的影响是非直接的，原因节点只影响结果节点各状态的概率分布，结果节点的状态由这个状态概率分布随机决定；②引入归一化常数来保证推理过程中的归一性；③通过推导出多值因果图的一个性质，即可以在推理过程中假定指向同一节点的所有连接事件的各状态之间彼此互斥来保证推理过程的互斥性。

This research of this thesis focuses on the cognitive strategy of geometric analogy cognitive component and the subjects'learning potential on the geometric analogy test, deploying the research encircling the realization of geometric analogy test from these three aspects. It answers 3 detailed question:1.what kind of item can arose the rule-constructing strategy of the subject, or rule-deleting strategy?

本研究关注几何类比推理的认知策略、认知成分及被试在几何类比推理测验上的学习能力，围绕几何类比推理测验在这三方面的认知诊断功能的实现展丌研究，具体回答三个问题：(1)怎样的项目更能引发被试的规则构建策略或更能引发被试的选项剔除策略？

A complex chain of reasoning , of the very same kindas that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of natural phenomena.

可能这里不会有什么人整天都没有机会去进行复杂而系统的推理，这些推理与那些科学家在探索自然现象的原因时所经历的推理在类型上是完全一样，尽管在程度上不同。

The study contains the following purposes:(1) exploring the test-structure of Raven's Advanced Progressive Matrics,(2) examining the process of solving APM,(3) investigating possible factors that affect the construct validity of APM,(4) developing New Figure Reasoning Test, using cognitive measurement approach test design model and computer technology,(5) contrasting APM and NFRT from the viewpoints of test designing and empirical analysis, and (6) developing an automatic item-generation and online testing system for NFRT.

本研究的研究目的为：(1)探讨APM的测验结构；(2)依据认知测量取向，探讨APM的解题历程；(3)探讨影响APM之构念效度的可能因素；(4)根据「认知测量测验编制模式」和电脑技术发展「新编图形推理能力测验」，并验证该测验的构念效度；(5)从测验编制和实证分析比较APM与「新编图形推理能力测验」；(6)发展「新编图形推理能力测验」的「自动命题及施测系统」。

Secondary, the paper design a system model of the OWL reasoning based on Lisa reasoning engine(reasoning engine based on an object-oriented implementation of the Rete algorithm).

设计一个OWL推理系统原型：在基于Rete算法的Lisa推理引擎的基础上设计了一个基于规则的OWL推理系统原型。

Fault propagate model to obtain and combine present prevailing large amount of information, neuron network,etc. method most model, Direct against fuzzy Petri network give and publish undering the jurisdiction of degrees of algorithm of function concrete their; Petri network reasoning method combine trouble tree forward reasoning reverse algorithm of reasoning mainly, The concrete instance of connection is analysed and compares; Participate in potato cake production line background that design with author finally , combine on-the-spot characteristic of equipment, Set up one fault diagnose concrete model of expert system.

故障传播模型的获取结合了当前流行的最大信息量、神经元网络等方法，并且针对模糊Petri网给出了其具体的隶属度函数的算法；Petri网推理方法主要结合故障树正向推理反向推理的算法，联系具体实例进行分析和比较；最后以笔者参与设计的薯饼生产线背景，结合现场设备的特点，建立了一个故障诊断专家系统的具体模型。

The qualitative methods employed in this study included pretest and posttest, concept map, interview and learning journal. Twelve students were chosen by a purposive sampling method from the class. According to their Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices Testresults, the students were classified into low level of 3, medium level of 6 and high level of 3 with even number of gender. They were interviewed individually about the teaching activities designed by the researcher for this study. The findings were summarized as follows

本研究先采方便取样，选取台北市内湖某国小五年级27位学童为研究对象，进行资料搜集与分析，另采立意取样，依据瑞文氏测验(Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices Test，以下简称SPM)，选取低推理能力3人，中推理能力6人，高推理能力3人，共计12人，男女各半；利用CMDA、前后测以及一对一多次的诊断性晤谈，深入分析 12名访谈对象在教学前、后，对「物质与热」单元的概念学习历程。

Two of properties of spatial reasoning are spatial relation's uncertainty and computational complexity.

空间推理的不确定性和推理计算的复杂性是地理空间推理的两个基本特点。

Main points of the thesis are as follows:(1) The main function models and information relations between these models in the CAPP system in the integrated CAD/CAM project are explained, a new process plan design method is mentioned based on analyses of process plan design. This method is based on the process plan prototype, and develops the prototype little by little until the perfect process plan is completed, the prospect of this method is discussed;(2) The feature abstracting rules and methods are studied, a feature coding system is developed based on GT, all the defined feature models are described by the mathematical methods;(3) The integrated method of CAD/CAPP based on features is mentioned, this method defines a feature exchanging model, and develops an interface software to exchange design data into technology data base, this technology data base includes the design and technology information of the parts;(4) The process plan reasoning method based on features is created, this method uses Mycin algorithm to solve the reasoning of the feature process plan. A process plan making system is developed. In this system part process plan is made by the semi-intelligent method, this method uses the feature reasoning, feature process chain searching and man-computer talking together;(5) The main structure of the HOPE system is introduced, a shaft drawing and its process plan made by this system are shown, the data process problem in process drawing making is also discussed;(6) A new method of describing process rule is introduced, this method uses IfThen rules and neural nets weight values together to describe process rules, the BP algorithm is adopted in this method;(7) The optimal machining sequence problem of the process steps on the same fixturing is discussed, optimal algorithms SA is applied to solve this problem, the result shows that this method is more efficient than the traditional method;(8) All jobs in the thesis are summarized. In order to carry out the research in the future, some rational proposals are given.

全文论述的内容主要有下列几个方面：(1)较为系统地阐述了CAD／CAM一体化工程项目中CAPP系统的主要功能模块及其信息流程，在分析工艺设计过程的基础上，提出了基于特征原型的渐进式工艺设计方法，并探讨了该方法的应用前景；(2)研究了零件特征提取的原则和方法，在成组技术的基础上，开发了一套基于特征的分类编码系统，并在提取零件特征的基础上，定义了零件特征的数据模型，开发了基于轴类零件特征的参数化设计系统；(3)研究了基于特征的CAD／CAPP集成的方法，通过定义零件特征数据模型的存储结构，开发了将设计数据转换到工艺数据库中的接口程序，为后续的CAPP系统提供必要的零件形状和工艺信息；(4)研究了基于特征的工艺推理方法，将Mycin算法应用到工艺决策中，开发了基于特征的工艺推理及工艺方案生成系统，在系统中综合运用特征推理、特征加工工艺链查询及人机对话相结合的半智能化方法确定零件加工工艺；(5)介绍了整个HOPE系统的总体结构，通过运行HOPE系统绘出了一轴类零件的零件图，并生成了该零件的加工工艺方案，初步探讨了基于特征的工序图生成技术中数据处理问题；(6)研究了工艺设计过程中知识如何有效表示的问题，提出了将显式的IF-THEN规则表示与隐式神经网络权值表示相结合的工艺知识表示方法，并利用BP算法进行了工艺知识表示的初步研究；(7)研究了工艺设计过程中同一安装下工步优化排序问题，利用神经网络中基于模拟退火的理论来解决该工步优化排序问题，实践证明该方法较传统的算法具有更高的效率；(8)总结了本文所进行的研究工作，为今后进一步开展工作提出了较为合理的建议。

Marxism deems that though induction is not an inexorable inference and the authenticity of its prem...

马克思主义认为，归纳虽然不是一种必然性的推理，它的前提的真实不能保证它的结论必然真实，但这并不等于说，归纳推理就是一种毫无根据的推理。

Objective To investigate the effects of interleukin-1 β converting enzyme gene on the biologic characteristics of ovarian cancer cells.

目的 探讨白细胞介素-1 β转换酶的表达，对卵巢癌细胞生物学特性的影响。

Campylobacter: This illness is the most commonly identified cause of diarrheal illness in the world.

弯曲：这种病是最常见的原因查明腹泻病，在世界上。