开挖隧道

In this paper we combining connecting tunnel project of Subway Line 4 at Xidan-lingjing bystreet in Beijing. To aim at the difficulties of building large-span connecting tunnels in the fine sand layer, through roads and underground pipelines, construction nearby buildings and other project difficulties. Using theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, field tests and other research methods to comprehensive and systemic research the stratum deformation mechanism and process control techniques of shallow excavation method, and a series of results were obtained. Firstly, use the stochastic media theory to analyze the stratum deformation mechanism, concretely analyze the analytic equation of surface horizontal displacement and deformation which were caused by the excavation of single-hole and double-hole tunnel, and further discussion on ground settlement, vertical deformation, surface horizontal displacement and horizontal deformation. Analyzing the main influence factors of surface displacement, and combined with practical work to proof the theory which was applied to shallow buried single-hole tunnel in fine sand layer was scientific.

本文结合北京地铁四号线西单～灵境胡同渡线隧道工程，针对在粉细砂地层中修建大跨渡线隧道，下穿道路和地下管线，临近建筑物施工等工程难点，利用理论分析、数值模拟、和现场监测等多种研究手段，对浅埋暗挖隧道地层变位机理及控制技术，深入地进行全面和系统的研究，并取得以下成果：(1)引入随机介质理论，对地层变位机理进行了分析，具体分析了单、双孔隧道开挖引起的地表位移及变形的解析方程，并深入探讨了地表沉降、垂直变形、地表水平位移和水平变形的特点，同时分析了影响地表位移的主要因素，并结合工程实例，佐证该理论应用于粉细砂地层浅埋暗挖单孔地铁隧道的科学性。

The key of maintaining the tunnel stability lies on how to deal with the advance core soil ahead of working face, which is obtained on basis of analysis on the problems in high speed railway tunnels with big crosssections in soft surrounding rock or soil. Fullface prereinforcing method by fiberglass bolts can enhance the equivalent rigidity of the advance core soil and control the deformation of the advance core soil, so that arch effect can play its role naturally and assure the excavation safety.

总结分析了目前高速铁路大断面软弱围岩或土质隧道施工中存在的问题，认为如何处理好掌子面前方的"待挖核心体"是控制此类隧道整体稳定性的关键，运用沿隧道纵向全断面预加固的易切削玻璃纤维锚杆来提高"待挖核心体"的等效刚度，控制"待挖核心体"的变形，使得隧道周边的拱效应能自然发挥作用，可以保证隧道能够全断面安全、顺利开挖掘进。

There are many obstacles, counteracting each other, during the construction of long tunnel, such as various working procedures, limited construction period and incommodious operating space due to the narrow transect. Moreover, the inconstant geology decides various operation parameters applying to either drill-and-blast method or TBM method, which, in turn, enhances the difficulties.

长隧洞TBM施工条件复杂，开挖工序繁多；开挖断面小，工作空间有限，施工中各工序之间相互制约、相互干扰；地质条件多变，采用隧道掘进机开挖需要针对隧洞的具体情况采取不同的施工措施，给施工管理带来一定的难度。

In this paper the stress analysis solution of parallel circular tunnels in elastic ground under any coefficient of lateral pressure is derived, and the stress field and displacement field of parallel circular opening subjected to continuous boundary stresses are first solved, and then the ground pressure and the internal force in lining are obtained, using the displacement compatibility equation between linin...

先求得连续洞周边界应力条件下双圆形洞室的应力场和位移场；再利用衬砌和围岩界面位移协调方程，获得平行圆形隧道的地层压力和衬砌内力公式，并可考虑开挖面的三维效应和洞室自由位移等因素。根据结论公式，对隧道间距、地层性质、衬砌厚度等诸因素进行了讨论，得到了单因素的一般规律，在此基础上，提出了平行圆形隧道最小间距的近似方法，并在某工程中予以应用，得到了满意的结果。本应力分析方法在平行圆形隧道的设计和施工中供作参考。

Analyzed on the tunnels that used EPB method in different soils, the more logical three-dimensional finite element model is based, which can reality represented the soil transfiguration. 3 Due to the engineering example, a 3D FEM simulation model was founded. The model was used to study the rules of soil deformation and surface settlement during shield tunneling. 4 The characteristics of loess include the module, conglutination force and inner friction angle of the loess, affected the soil deformation. 5 The influence factors to the surface settlements such as the depth of soil, the outer diameter of the shield tunnel, the released stress at the cutting face, the fill ratio of the shield tail void, pouring-slurry press, thrusts and lengths of shield and digging steps were studied using the FEM method. References is brought forward in the loess areas of Xi'an was proposed.

通过对不同土质条件下盾构法进行地铁隧道施工的有限元分析，全面反映盾构推进对土体变形的影响情况； 3根据有关勘测资料，建立合理的盾构法施工三维非线性有限元模型，对盾构法施工引起的地层变位和地表位移情况进行计算，分析了盾构施工引起的地层变形规律和地面沉降规律； 4研究了黄土特性(地基模量、粘聚力和内摩擦角)对盾构法施工中土体变形的影响； 5利用三维有限元对盾构施工过程中影响地面沉降的因素(覆土厚度、隧道外径、开挖面压力变化量、注浆压力、盾尾空隙填充率、开挖步长、盾构机的长度和推进力等)进行研究，为今后西安地区地铁的建设提供参考。

When excavating width of block of the third layer along tunnel above tunnel increasing to 6m from 3m and excavation time not shorten, calculation results of upheave on the same position increase 2%.

3基坑第三层沿隧道纵向分段开挖的段宽由3m增加到6m后，如果开挖所花时间相同，隧道上浮量仅增加约2%。

Appropriate 3D FEM was established according to seepage field boundary and hydromechanical coupling effect of a planned tunnel excavating was analysed.

隧道开挖和由开挖引起的地下水渗流引起围岩应力重新分布，对隧道围岩的稳定性有重要的影响。

This article focuses on research of prediction of rock-burst happened in Cangling extreme long-tunnel engineering, comparison of tunnel carving details in the performing stage and prevention measures.

通过对苍岭特长隧道岩爆问题的预测研究和施工阶段洞身开挖情况对比，以及针对本工程的岩爆防治措施研究，探讨了岩爆预测判据对苍岭隧道工程的适用性，揭示了苍岭隧道围岩的岩性特征和初始应力场，掌握了苍岭隧道岩爆发生的烈度和基本分布规律，提出了对岩爆问题的工程防治措施，另外，根据工程区地质条件和岩石物理力学性能参数，建立了相应的地质力学模型，采用有限元法建模反演分析，其结果与通过钻孔水压致裂试验测得的地应力结果比较，显得较为吻合，并得到施工阶段通过洞壁应力恢复法分析结果的验证，验证表明理论模型和有限元模型的适用性及分析应力场是较为准确和合理的，并在此基础上对苍岭隧道岩爆进行分段预测和采取了较有成效的工程防治措施，具有较高的工程应用价值。

In the process of excavating the foundation pit and tunnel of the subway, it isdifficult to deal with the perched water, the saturated water in the aquiclude, as wellas the remaining water on the aquifer surface.

在地铁基坑和隧道开挖施工过程中，会经常遇到弱透水性的饱水层，这些地层在开挖后会出现侧壁渗水和在含水层界面形成残留水，会对隧道的整体稳定产生一定的影响。

The key of maintaining the tunnel stability lies on how to deal with the advance core soil ahead of working face, which is obtained on basis of analysis on the problems in high speed railway tunnels with big crosssections in soft surrounding rock or soil. Fullface prereinforcing method by fiberglass bolts can enhance the equivalent rigidity of the advance core soil and control the deformation of the advance core soil, so that arch effect can play its role naturally and assure the excavation safety.

总结分析了目前高速铁路大断面软弱围岩或土质隧道施工中存在的问题，认为如何处理好掌子面前方的&待挖核心体&是控制此类隧道整体稳定性的关键，运用沿隧道纵向全断面预加固的易切削玻璃纤维锚杆来提高&待挖核心体&的等效刚度，控制&待挖核心体&的变形，使得隧道周边的拱效应能自然发挥作用，可以保证隧道能够全断面安全、顺利开挖掘进。

If you are unfortunate enough to the lovelorn, please tell me, I will help you out, really, please contact me!

如果你不幸失恋了，请告诉我，我会帮助你摆脱困境，真的，请联系我啦！

China's plan to cut energy intensity by 20 percent and pollutant discharges by 10 percent between 2006 and 2010 is a case in point.

中国计划在2006年到2010间降低20%的能源强度和减少10%的主要污染物排放，就是一个这样的例子。