商业的

Consequently, this essay choose the "Z-Score Model", which was developed by Altaian, the famous American expert in risks management, to analyze and evaluate the listed companies' credit risks in China and to verify its efficiency to Chinese stocks market. The " Z-Score Model" is an innovation in the evaluation of companies' credit risk in the United States' banks, which is now being used widely. If the model is also applicable in Chinese stocks market, it will be significant in both theories and practices.

因此，本文选用作为美国商业银行信用评估方法的一次重要创新的，目前仍被美国商业银行广泛使用的，由美国著名信用风险管理专家Altman建立的"Z评分模型"(Z-Score Model)来对我国上市公司的信用风险状况进行实证研究，验证其在我国股票市场的有效性程度，如果能证明"Z评分模型"同样适用于我国证券市场，并将其改造为更适合我国上市公司的信用风险分析模型，将不仅具有很大的理论价值，而且也具有十分重要的现实意义。

According to these questions, we could find the material countermeasures: scientific property rights should base on the stock reforming, control the agent"s "seeking rent behaviour, eliminate the controlling of state stock; Bank should firmly circumfuse operational, informatics, normal objects, make out rigid interior institutions; Considerated our financial material situations, the institution of supervision should integrate the interior supervision and exterior supervision and leave on indirect supervision. We should fast establish a leading supervision system without changing the segregation situation, so as to support a better environment for innovation and also better keep away innovation risk.

针对这些原因，提出了如下对策：科学的产权制度应对商业银行实施彻底的股份制改造，减少内部人控制现象，克服国有股一股独大现象；商业银行应紧紧围绕"操作性目标、信息性目标、合规性目标"三大目标，建立互相制衡、有力约束的刚性的内控制度；考虑我国金融业的具体情况，新的监管制度以间接监管为主、内外监管相结合，建立由央行为首的"牵头监管模式"，统一金融监管，给银行业务创新提供一个较为宽松的环境并且实现对业务创新的风险的有效防范。

Is a leading operator of electronic products, computer and its accessories, office supplies and consulting services to provide information trading company, the company's major business partners and suppliers come from China, Japan, Korea, Malaysia , Singapore and Hong Kong and other countries and regions, the Company by virtue of a variety of product categories, good commercial reputation and in Europe a solid sales network, has a number of Asian suppliers and vendors to establish a solid partnership of my company trade and sales steadily improve, and cooperation in Europe's product sales and brand awareness is also growing up.

葡萄牙欧亚国际贸易有限公司是一家主要经营电子类产品，电脑及其配件，办公用品和提供信息咨询服务的贸易公司，公司的主要商业合作伙伴和供应商多来自中国，日本，韩国，马来西亚，新加坡和香港等国家和地区，本公司凭借多样的产品种类，良好的商业信誉和在欧洲地区稳固的销售网络，已经和多家亚洲供应厂家和销售商建立了巩固的合作关系，我公司的贸易额和销售量在稳步提高，合作商的产品在欧洲的销售和品牌的知名度也日渐攀升。

This article estimates the extreme loss distribution with extreme value theory, estimates the shape parameter with HKKP estimator, which is unbiased to small sample data, selects the right threshold by selecting smallest mean square error of the estimated cumulative distribution function and empirical cumulative distribution function and based on the extreme value theory method, this article estimates the extreme loss distribution and the p-percentile operational loss under certain believe range for Chinese commercial banks, then calculates the operational risk supervise capital.

本文利用极值理论对中国商业银行操作损失极端值分布进行估计，针对尾参数估计的来用传统Hill佑计对小样本数据容易产生偏倚的情况，提出了采用Hill佑计的改进―小样本无偏估计的HKKP佑计来估计操作损失的尾参数，针对由于阈值确定不准确导致结果偏差大的情况，采用最小化估计的累计概率分布与经验累计概率分布平均平方误差的方法确定较精确的阈值，估计出给定置信水平下操作风险损失的分位数，从而使得中国商业银行操作风险监管资本的测定成为可能。

For instance, because the job is busy,Wu Man of Chinese Shanghai girl sees a lot of office worker, have a meal in cafeteria everyday almost, then bud commute in the white-collar need the subway of the ground of classics and office building and other places sell organic the commercial pattern of only course, wu Man hopes to hand the idea of healthy diet to modern with this; The layout case name of the bavin of old Da · that comes from Kampuchea is " your business affairs solution ", its business plan is the blame productiveness orgnaization that is Kampuchea place, or it is office of financial insolvency big accountant the small company of high cost, provide petty gain, the client is custom-built the accountant solution of type; And year only Philippine girl of 23 years old Kailuolin Kua, criterion the Philippine food culture with aspire pure and healthy general pushs to the world: She will begin will Philippine have a kind of common orange kind the fruit applies in food, dressing and beverage widely, poineering idea is this kind of fruit treatment is become without candy, need not compress, the inspissation that can save 6 months juice.

比如，中国上海女孩巫曼看到很多上班族由于工作繁忙，几乎天天都在餐馆里吃饭，于是萌发了在白领上下班必经之地的地铁和写字楼等地出售有机净菜的商业模式，巫曼希望以此给现代人传递健康饮食的概念；来自柬埔寨的陈妲·柴的企划案名为"你的商务解决方案"，其商业计划是为柬埔寨当地的非赢利性机构，或是无力支付大会计师事务所昂贵费用的小企业，提供便宜的、客户定制式的会计解决方案；而年仅23岁的菲律宾女孩凯洛林·库阿，则立志将纯净健康的菲律宾饮食文化推向世界：她将着手将菲律宾有一种常见的柑橘类水果广泛地应用于食物、调味品和饮料中，创业想法是将这种水果加工成无糖、无需压榨、可以保存6个月的浓缩汁。

The wars of these two last-mentioned nations have in a great measure grown out of commercial considerations,-- the desire of supplanting and the fear of being supplanted, either in particular branches of traffic or in the general advantages of trade and navigation, and sometimes even the more culpable desire of sharing in the commerce of other nations without their consent.

最后提及的这两次战争，国家多半是由于商业上的考虑，——不是在运输行业，就是在贸易和航海上的总体利益，渴望排挤和担心被排挤，有时甚至是颇应谴责的渴望不经同意便分享别国的商业机会。良好的人性，恰当的理性，和对上帝的信仰。规则的美在于简单，个性的美在于丰富，语言的美在于逻辑。

Guide the thirty-third article: the commercial banks should be adopted, including the borrower's employing unit, the tax department, industry and commerce management departments as well as credit institutions, such as independent third-party investigation to examine the authenticity of applications for loans and the borrower's credit to understand themselves and their family's assets, liabilities, credit record and so on.

指南的第三十三条：商业银行应通过，其中包括借款人的用人单位，税务部门，工业和商业管理部门以及信贷机构，如独立的第三方进行调查，审查申请的真实性贷款和借款人的信用，了解自己和家人的资产，负债，信用记录等。

This article referred to as the post-employment restraint, which means it is aware of its commercial secrets staff relations based on the orig...

随着我国人才流动的日益频繁和技术的快速发展，这种人才流动和商业秘密保护之间的矛盾所引发的纠纷越来越多，离职竞业禁止制度作为保护商业秘密的一种手段，在我国市场经济中发挥着重要的作用。

Neral contracts enterprises with indistinct and synthetical judgment method, analyze the main work of the general contracts enterprises with the theory of PAEI; the developing stage, build the value sharing chain of general contracts enterprises, and value sharing system, bring forward that the general contract enterprises must pay attention to develop the core value chain and the no core value chain; the leading stage, introduce the key competitiveness of the business ecosystem, analyze general contracts enterprises'the value of core value chain and enhance the key competitiveness of enterprises; the renewal stage, analyze update mode of business ecosystem and development trend of general contracts enterprises.

开拓阶段，以模糊综合评价法来选择总承包企业的伙伴企业，并且以PAEI理论分析了此阶段工程总成承包企业的工作重点；发展阶段，构建了工程总承包企业的价值共享树，建立价值共享体系，并且提出总承包企业要注意发展核心价值链和非核心价值链；领导阶段，介绍了商业生态系统的核心竞争力，对总承包企业的核心价值链进行价值分析，提高企业的核心竞争力；更新阶段，分析商业生态系统的更新方式和工程总承包的发展趋势。

It describes Hanseatic League's formation and prosperity, including the definition of the League, organizational structure, etc., and presumes that the powerful League is the resorts of its merchants entering into England and engaging in commercial activities. On the other hand, in England, during 13 to 15 century, because of the burden of "the Hundred Years War", the force of state had weakening; the level of economy seems relative low, which give Hanseatic merchants a huge space to engaged in commercial activities in England.

叙述汉萨同盟的形成和繁荣情况，包括同盟的定义、组织结构、分布范围，认为汉萨同盟的强大是其商人能进入英国从事商业活动的力量凭靠；而13至15世纪的英国，由于&百年战争&，英国的国家力量出现弱化，而经济在横向对比中又显得相对落后，这就为汉萨商人提供了从事商业活动的巨大空间。

What are your goals and strategies for growth?

你的成长目标和策略是什么？

And unto the angel of the church in Sardis write; These things saith he that hath the seven irits of God, and the seven star I know thy works, that thou hast a name that thou livest, and art dead.

3：1 你要写信给撒狄教会的使者，说，那有神的七灵和七星的，说，我知道你的行为，按名你是活的，其实是死的。