商业信用

Establish an appropriate credit evaluation model to analyze the trend of credit development of small and medium-sized enterprise. And the urgent problem for commercial bank to solve is to choose the most merchantable customer with developing foreground from the group of small and medium-sized enterprise in which the good and bad are intermingled.

建立适当的信用评估模型分析中小企业信用发展趋势，从良莠不齐的中小企业群体中选择优质的、有发展前景的客户是商业银行迫切需要解决的问题。

Merton type default models are very important for modern credit risk pricing and management.

基于Merton方法的违约模型是现代信用风险定价与管理研究中极其重要的部分，对其适用性的研究对提高我国商业银行与企业管理信用风险的能力有着十分重要的意义。

Where a mode of issuing the bank bills of another bank upon agency is adopted, the head offices of urban commercial banks, foreign-funded banks, urban credit cooperatives and rural credit cooperatives unions at the county level shall conclude the agency agreement with the local branch office of the principal bank and report to the head office of the principal bank or the branch office authorized by the head office for approval and effectiveness.

采取代理签发他行银行汇票方式的，城市商业银行总部、外资银行、城市信用合作社和农村信用合作社县联社与被代理行当地分支行签订代理协议，并报被代理行总行或其授权的分支行批准生效。

Lose the trust of the phenomenon as a result of the existence of economic ties between enterprises, often using ancient只敢spot cash transactions, and did not dare to adopt more efficient and convenient tools for credit transactions; and commercial banks did not dare adopt a new credit instruments, and even in traditional business also extra careful; due to low level of credit in international trade have had extensive use of letters of credit, so that effectiveness and efficiency of damage.

失去信任的现象，由于存在经济关系的企业，常常利用古代只敢现货现金交易，并不敢采取更为高效，便捷的工具信贷交易；和商业银行也不敢采取新的信用工具，甚至在传统业务也格外小心，因为低水平的信用在国际贸易中已广泛使用的信用证，因此，效益和效率的损失。

XXV. One Article shall be added as Article 52, that is, The banking institutions as mentioned in this Law, refer to the commercial banks, urban credit cooperatives, rural credit cooperatives, and other financial institutions and policy banks absorbing public deposits.

二十五、增加一条，作为第五十二条：本法所称银行业金融机构，是指在中华人民共和国境内设立的商业银行、城市信用合作社、农村信用合作社等吸收公众存款的金融机构以及政策性银行。

Risk management has been regard as the core function of commercial bank by the modern financial theory, and the New Basel had brought forward higher requirement for the building of risk management frame. This thesis will analyze the situation of the precaution of individual housing loan credit risk lengthways and breadthwise, using the method of actual evidences and data analysis.

本文通过运用实证分析、数据分析等方法，在对我国房地产市场和个人住房贷款业务的发展历程回顾的基础之上，对我国个人住房贷款信贷风险防范进行了纵横剖析，并结合对国外个人住房贷款信用风险防范的分析，提出了基于我国实情、借鉴国际经验的完善我国商业银行个人住房贷款信用风险防范体系的建议。

Article 2 These Guidelines shall apply to the banking institutions which have the corporate status in China, including commercial banks, urban credit cooperatives, rural credit cooperatives and other financial institutions that are leally established within the territory of the People's Republic of China and absorb public deposits, policy banks, financial assets management companies, petty loan companies, etc.

第二条 本指引适用于具有中国法人资格的银行业金融机构，包括在中华人民共和国境内设立的商业银行、城市信用合作社、农村信用合作社等吸收公众存款的金融机构，以及政策性银行、金融资产管理公司和小额贷款公司等。

According to the market definition of merger guidelines, nonbank financial institutions should not be included as participants in defining the product market relevant to antitrust analyses of proposed bank mergers. In other words, domestic commercial banks and nonbank financial institutions are not the same deposit market.

在合并准则的市场定义下，本国一般银行与非银行的存款机构系属於不同的存款市场，当一般商业银行在进行水平合并或联合行为时，农、渔会信用部及信用合作社等非银行的存款机构应当不被纳入相关市场界定的范围。

The loan crisis is the result of the finance hypes,which is mainly created by macroeconomic regulation and impropered control, the real estate unbalanced market, thus it is especially important to pay attention to our country present Commercial bank's credit risks.

次贷危机是低估房地产信贷个人信用风险的结果，伴随这我国房地产行业的急速发展，关注我国目前商业银行的信用风险显得尤为重要。

According to the request of IRB system in NBCA, this paper analyzes the core factors of IRB system, combs and portrays the IRB process adding the step of risk precaution, describes several quantitative methods of risk precaution and compares them, then collets the methods of credit rating, does some deep researches in measurement of PD which are the core contents of IRB system, and does some empirical analysis using EDF model, finally gives the application of the IRB system and draws the chart of credit risk quantization in terms of portfolio theory, wishes to provide beneficial reference for the development and improvement of Chinese commercial banks'IRB system.

本文按照巴塞尔新资本协议中内部评级系统的要求，分析和解读了内部评级系统中的关键要素，梳理并描画了添加风险预警环节后的内部评级流程，分析了风险预警的各种定量方法并进行了比较，然后汇总了信用评级的方法，深入研究了违约概率的测度方法，用EDF模型作了些实证分析，最后归纳整理出了内部评级系统的应用，并描画了基于资产组合的信用风险量化流程图，以期为我国商业银行内部评级系统的发展和完善提供有益的参考。

What are your goals and strategies for growth?

你的成长目标和策略是什么？

And unto the angel of the church in Sardis write; These things saith he that hath the seven irits of God, and the seven star I know thy works, that thou hast a name that thou livest, and art dead.

3：1 你要写信给撒狄教会的使者，说，那有神的七灵和七星的，说，我知道你的行为，按名你是活的，其实是死的。