古典经济学

ChapterⅡreviewed the thoughts with utilitarian style of two great thinkers——Bentham and Beccaria, the representatives of classical school of crime. Although their research can not be considered modern economic research, their thoughts contained the essence of economics of crime, and their studies have laid a solid theoretical foundation of modern deterrent theory for the subsequent economic research on deterrence.

本章首先回顾了具有浓厚功利主义风格的两位古典犯罪学派代表人物贝卡里亚和边沁的研究，他们的研究尽管不能被认为是现代经济学的研究，但他们深刻的思想却包含着经济学的很多精髓，而且，他们的研究为后来的犯罪经济学理论研究尤其是威慑理论奠定了坚实的理论基础，也是现代经济学威慑理论的思想源头。

However, there is an essential difference between Marxist political economics and the capital theory in the classical economics.

马克思主义政治经济学是在批判地继承其前人尤其是古典政治经济学的基础上建立起来的，其资本一般理论更是如此。

There are two absolute converse attitudes about sustained development of social economic among the classis economist, one is Adam Smith as the delegation of pessimist, the other is Malthus as the delegation of pessimist. Marx and Engles developed the continuous development by summarizing others' thinking, but the next economists discarded the theory of Marx after October Liberation in Russia and Chinese Liberation got success. Serious fact tells us: Political economics can't discard the concept of sustained development which the basic theory in political economics.

古典经济学家对社会经济的可持续性问题存在着两种截然不同的看法，一种是以亚当斯密为代表的乐观派，一种是以马尔萨斯为代表的悲观派；马克思、恩格斯在总结前人思想的基础上，发展了可持续发展思想；但是，苏联十月革命胜利和中国革命胜利后的政治经济学却舍弃了马克思恩格斯的这些思想；严酷的现实告诉我们，政治经济学不能抛弃可持续发展观念，可持续发展应当是政治经济学的一个基本思想。

The convex function develeped so many years that convex functionals are now a class of very universal functionals.The kinetic energy in the classical is the most natural convex function.Others like entropy and so on are convex functions.The economic core is closely connected with the convex function.The western economic core question is the optimized question.The optimized theory has something to do with the convex function and the concave function.

凸函数的发展经年已相当完善其应用非常广泛，在古典力学中的动能，就是最自然直接的凸函数，其他如熵……等均是，连经济学的核心都与之有极密切相关，西方经济学的核心问题是最优化问题，最优化理论又与凸函数与凹函数密切相关。

As a typical ideologist's economics, the China's traditional economics betrayed the classic purpose of Marx's economics that it vigorously publicized.

作为一种典型的意识形态主义经济学，中国传统经济学研究背叛了它所极力鼓吹的马克思经济学的古典宗旨。

However, as development economics was established, it became an applied field of neoclassical mainstream economics in the developing countries.

但是，发展经济学自从被建立以来，却更多地成了新古典主流经济学在发展中国家的一个应用领域。

His theories have promoted the resurrection of the orthodox classical political economy grounded in the Smithian principle and also contributed to the progress of Political Philosophy, New Institutional Economics, New Public Management and etc.

布坎南的理论复兴了斯密的古典政治经济学传统，也促进了政治哲学、新制度经济学和新公共管理等学科的发展。

And new classic macroeconomics and economics of new Keynesia creed, it is same big setting --, sluggish bilges two kinds of doctrine below, this decided two school necessarily in its at issue ceaseless trend agrees.

而新古典宏观经济学和新凯恩斯主义经济学，是同一大背景———滞胀下的两种学说，这必然决定了两学派在其争论中不断趋向一致。

Although the labor theory of value and the surplus theory of value in classical political economics of capitalist class and in Marxist political economy involve the relevant theories of the human resource, the most penetrating, direct and solid theoretical foundation of it is the human capital investment theory put forward by an American economist named Theodore.

虽然资产阶级古典政治经济学和马克思主义政治经济学中的劳动价值理论和剩余价值理论，都涉及到了人力资源价值评估，但人力资源价值评估最深刻、最直接、最坚实的理论基础还是美国经济学家西奥多·W·舒尔茨在1960年提出的人力资本投资理论。

As a kind of market structures, natural monopoly has been studied for a long time. In the thought of economics, ideologists researched natural monopoly on the natural characters.

自然垄断作为一种市场结构，其理论已经得到了极大的重视和长足发展，从早期经济思想史上的自然条件决定论到新古典经济学范围内的传统自然垄断理论，在后者范围内，又经历了从规模经济到范围经济，再发展到高度抽象的成本次可加性理论。

Cynanchum Lingtai apricot production in the average weight 65 grams, the brightly-colored fruit, juicy rich, sweet-sour taste, sweet from the nucleolus, when the late Qing Dynasty famous Shaanxi, Gansu provinces, the Qing imperial court Tongzhi tribute for years.

灵台生产的牛心杏平均单果重65克，果实色泽鲜艳，汁多味浓，甜酸适口，离核仁甜，清末时就驰名陕、甘两省，清同治年间曾为朝廷贡品。

Chenopodium album,Solanum nigrum, and Amaranthus retroflexus were very susceptible to the herbicides. Polygonum persicaria and Abutilon theophrasti were relatively less susceptible to the herbicides, and Lycopersicon esculentum was not susceptible to it. The relationship between reduction rates of weed biomass and PPM values of weed leaves 2,4, and 6 days after treatment was established.

供试的6种杂草对该混剂的敏感性存在显著差异：红心藜Chenopodium album、龙葵Solanum nigrum和反枝苋Amaranthus retroflexus对该混剂最敏感，ED90值分别为47.65、71.67和29.17g/hm2；春蓼Polygonum persicaria和苘麻Abutilon theophrasti敏感，ED90值分别为96.91、114.20g/hm2；而番茄不敏感。