利润

We propose a theoretical framework to predict the impact of inward FDI on the host country's incumbent firms' price-cost margins, according to the mode of entry of FDI We then investigate empirically the competitive discipline effect exerted by both imports and FDI on manufacturing plant-level price-cost margins in the UK, for the period 1991-2001. We estimate different specifications of the price-cost margin equation with both fixed-effects instrumental panel estimator and efficient generalized method of moments estimator with clustering correction.

通过构建理论模型预测FDI的不同进入模式对东道国企业价格－成本盈余(Price-Cost Mar-gin， PCM)的影响，以及采用固定效应工具面板和经过聚类修正的有效广义矩等不同估计模型，对1991-2001年间的进口和FDI对英国制造业企业PCM竞争规制效应进行的实证研究表明：绿地FDI对利润有负向影响，而并购FDI对利润的影响为正，即绿地FDI对PCM有规制效应，并购FDI会增加PCM。

We find that providing Internet direct channel does not necessarily lead to lower expected payoff for Internet retailer, it depends on the effect of drop-shipping channel free ride on Internet direct channel. When the effect is good, the retailer can achieve higher payoff. Of course, the supplier always achieves higher payoff by providing Internet direct channel.

5在渠道之间存在免费搭乘现象的情况下，建立了drop-shipping渠道和网络直销渠道之间的竞争模型，指出供应商提供网络直销渠道后，并不一定就导致零售商利润的下降，这依赖于drop-shipping渠道免费搭乘网络直销渠道的效果，当效果高于一定水平时，零售商的利润增加。

When free riding exists between channels, the competition between Internet direct channel and drop-shipping channel is studied. We find that providing Internet direct channel does not necessarily lead to lower expected payoff for Internet retailer, it depends on the effect of drop-shipping channel free ride on Internet direct channel. When the effect is good, the retailer can achieve higher payoff.

5在渠道之间存在免费搭乘现象的情况下，建立了drop-shipping渠道和网络直销渠道之间的竞争模型，指出供应商提供网络直销渠道后，并不一定就导致零售商利润的下降，这依赖于drop-shipping渠道免费搭乘网络直销渠道的效果，当效果高于一定水平时，零售商的利润增加。

Through fine-tuning the unit-price combination, it could solve 2 problems that almost all contractors concern about during the tendering period: one is how to decrease the offer, and hence increase the winning probability with the expected payoff un-changed, while the other is how to invisibly raise the profit value when the offer keeps invariant.

它通过调整单价组合，能够解决承包商在实际投标时最为关心的，在预期利润不减少时如何降低报价，以提高中标率，以及在报价基本不变时，如何无形提高预期利润增值两种情况。

Last month, the household appliance tycoon Yilaikesi also enter the field officer of the brand new cabinet department heads admitted appliances, cabinets profits appliance profits 2-3 times.

上个月，家电巨头的伊莱克斯也进军橱柜领域，该品牌新家电橱柜部负责人坦言，橱柜的利润是家电产品利润的2-3倍。

Oil companies claim their margins on the forecourt are wafer thin and that the bulk of their profits are made elsewhere.

石油公司声称它们从汽车加油站获取的利润是非常微薄的，其它业务才是绝大部分利润的来源。

There are two types of profit: gross profit and net profit.

有两种利润：一是毛利润；一是纯利润。

The city is different from an enterprise, the enterprise is an economy system merely, what go after consequently is profit is the biggest change, the partner of the enterprise is evaluated to its basically also is from profit have sth in mind.

城市不同于企业，企业仅仅是一个经济体，因而追求的是利润的最大化，企业的股东对其评价也主要是从利润着眼。

As to the effect on social welfare of vertical merger, like the ones of horizontal merger.

下游企业的纵向兼并提高了上游企业利润，但往往会降低其他未参与兼并的下游企业的利润。

On the one hand, indirect effects of floating-rate bond interest income is expected to slightly decline in the fair value of bonds on the other hand, is a result of rising profits increased (profit report on China's most influential Ping'an).

一方面，浮动利率债券利息收入的间接影响预计将略有债券公允价值下降，另一方面，是由于利润上升而增加（在中国最具影响力的平安利润报告）。

Methods: Five patients with parkinsonism or dystonia were assigned to general anesthesia using an modified endotracheal tube.

本实验依照人体实验之相关规定进行，五位患有帕金森氏症或肌张力异常的病人接受神经立体定位手术。

If you can benefit from this book, it is our honour.

如果您能从本书获益，这将是我们的荣幸。