查询词典 surplus value

The producer surplus theory and consumer surplus theory were applied to deduce the cross subsidies among market participants in electricity pool under double auction mechanism, when market-wide system marginal price was used as settlement rule.

论文基于微观经济学中的生产者剩余和消费者剩余理论，推导论证了在对发电方和用户双侧开放的市场环境中，集中交易模式下采用全市场统一边际价格进行交易结算时产生交叉补贴的原因。

Finally, the optimization warehousing allocation policy is achieved by digital simulation, which shows that expecting revenue is concave function of surplus capacity, and is also concave function of booking leading time, the opportunity costs is a non-increase function of surplus capacity, and is also is a non- increase function of booking leading time.

论文按照随机背包问题思路建立了考虑第三方仓储能力分配动态随机规划模型，对模型性质进行了分析，得到了基于阈值的舱位预订动态控制策略，并通过数值仿真，得知期望收益是剩余仓储能力的凹函数，是时间的凹函数；机会成本是剩余仓储能力的非增函数，是时间的非增函数。

I.e. the utility of the books are almost the same , so it is a wise choice to choose second hand books. And in the aspect of consumer's surplus, the consumers expect one book to be lower than, say, 30 Yuan, so if he buys the book for 10yuan, he gets extra 20yuan as the so called consumer's surplus.

话说回来，从机会成本的角度来看，因为旧书与新书大部分相差不大，基本不会影响到学生的书籍阅读（即书的效用是几乎一样的），学生在旧书摊买书的机会成本相对较小，于是学生们是会选择到旧书摊买书的。

Institute of Statistics and Actuary, Shandong Economic UniversityAbstract We consider the risk process perturbed by diffusion under interest force in this article. The integral expressions, continuities, twice continuous differentiability and integro-differential equations about $F_{\delta}$, the distribution of the surplus immediately before ruin, and $H_{\delta}$, the joint distribution of the surplus immediately before ruin and the deficit at ruin are obtained.

我们考虑既带有随机干扰又带有确定投资回报的风险过程，得到了破产前瞬间盈余的分布$F_{\delta}$及破产前瞬间盈余和破产时赤字的联合分布$H_{\delta}$所满足的积分表达，连续性及二次连续可微性和积分--微分方程。

As to the risk model with random premium rate, we concerned with discrete random variable, continuous random variable and general random variable. We derive the formula of ruin probability, the extreme during the total duration of negative surplus and the joint distribution of the surplus immediately before ruin and the deficit at ruin.

对于保费率为随机变量的一类风险模型，本文就离散的随机变量、连续的随机变量、一般的随机变量三个方面进行讨论，运用概率方法和风险理论的方法推导出破产概率、末离前最大盈余分布、破产前瞬时盈余与破产赤字的联合分布等精算量分布的一般公式。

At concretion means , these mostly adopt systematology route to proceed inquisition, on the basis of reference both here and abroad production, compare objectively analyses technological change with agriculture surplus labor transfer of compartment correlation, by the major premise of science and technology, handle science and technology philosophy, sociology, management science, statistics, economics, mathematical statistics, demography , and so on .compare overall systematically approach the feasibility, reliability, elementary path of agriculture surplus labor transfer under conditions of scientific-technical progress .

运用科技哲学、社会学、管理学、统计学、经济学、数理统计、人口学等学科的知识，比较全面系统地探讨了在科技进步条件下，农业剩余劳动力转移的可能性、可行性、基本路径等。

We get the price elasticity -0.54 and the income elasticity 0.21 from the estimated demand function, and we also compute the average consumer surplus according to the function. At 90% confidence level, the average consumer surplus of 38 cities is 0.5 to 2 times of travel cost.

计算出了文物旅游的人均消费者剩余，得到在 90%的置信水平下，我国 38 个主要城市文物旅游的人均消费者剩余为旅行费用的 0.5 倍到 2 倍。

Export surplus 出超 Japan's trade surplus increased rapidly over the last few years.

日本的贸易顺差在过去几年里迅速增长。

For developing countries, often to form the balance of payments surplus was due to the formation of excessive export trade surplus, it means that the reduction of domestic availability of resources, which is not conducive to the economic development of developing countries.

对于发展中国家来说，国际收支顺差形成往往是由于出口过多所形成的贸易收支顺差，则意味着国内可供使用资源的减少，因而不利于发展中国家经济的发展。

Thus an unfortunate side effect of China's attempts to cool its domestic economy has been an exploding trade surplus, because import growth has softened while exports have remained robust. In June, China's exports rose by 30.6%, year-on-year, while imports grew by just 15.1%, widening the monthly trade surplus to $9.7 billion.

也就是说，中国企图控制国内经济过热增长的一个不那么令人愉快的后果是，中国的进口贸易额已经平缓下来而出口贸易则一直强健。6月份，中国的出口贸易增长了30.6%，而进口贸易仅增长了15.1%，每月的贸易顺差扩大到97亿美元。

Use nationalization degree and the relationship that commercialize degree, condition of calculable market economy plays scope of optimal and state-owned economy.

利用国有化程度与市场化程度的关系，可计算市场经济条件下最佳国有经济规模。

The kinds of extractant also effected desulfurization rate .

萃取剂对脱硫率的影响也很大，乙二胺的萃取效果优于甲醇的。