查询词典 philosophy

Ihde's philosophy of technology is very typical in contemporary American circles of philosophy of technology. His philosophy is not only closely related to former philosophers of technology such as Heidergger and Mumford, but also integrates analytical philosophy and pragmatism with phenomenology. By using materials of history of technology and anthropology, lhde reinterprets former basic problems in the philosophy of technology and forms his own system of philosophy of technology. Ihde's philosophy represents the new directions of American philosophy of technology, which pay attention to the research of the history of technology, the philosophical foundation of philosophy of technology and technological practices.

伊德的技术哲学思想在当代美国技术哲学中很有代表性，他的思想既与以前的技术哲学家像海德格尔、芒福德等人的思想密切相关，又在现象学的基础上融合了实用主义和分析哲学的成分，并借助于人类学和技术史等学科的材料，重新阐释了以前技术哲学中的一些主要问题，形成了自己的现象学技术哲学的思想体系，代表了当代美国技术哲学的最新趋势，即在研究技术史、技术哲学的哲学基础和技术实践的基础上，从不同的角度重新看待技术本身。

His main works are "Approach to Analyze Technology","Introduction to Technological Sociolization","Introduction to Philosophy of Social Technology", etc., and has published over hundreds of paper in journals of "Philosophy Study","Study in Dialectics of Nature" and other core periodicals and was also editor-in-chief for books of "Researches in Technology and Philosophy","Researches in Science Technology and Society", He is now with a part-time position of being a member of the Evaluation Panel for Discipline of Philosophy of the Academic Degree Committee of the State Council, Vice President of The Chinese Society for Dialectics of Nature, chairman of China Professional Committee for Philosophy of Technology, committeeman of China Professional Committee for Science, Technology and Society, chairman of the Association of Philosophy of Liaoning Province, Standing Deputy President of the Society for Dialectics of Nature of Liaoning Province, committeeman of Consultative committee of Liaoning Provincial Government and Shenyang Municipal Government, Scientific and Technical Consultant of Shenyang Municipal Government, member of the International Society for Philosophy of Technology.

主要论著有：《解析技术》，《技术社会化引论》，《社会技术哲学引论》等，并在《哲学研究》、《自然辩证法研究》等核心期刊上发表百余篇学术论文，还主编《技术与哲学研究》、《科技与社会研究》、《技术哲学博士文库》等。现兼任国务院学位委员会哲学学科评议组成员，中国自然辩证法研究会副理事长，技术哲学学会理事长，科学技术与社会学会理事长，辽宁省自然辩证法研究会常务理事长，辽宁省委、省政府咨询委员会委员，沈阳市政府科技顾问，国际技术哲学学会会员等。

The characteristics of detachability of functionality of application ofgeneral character and openness in philosophy tradition prove the rationalfoundation of china-marxist philosophy.however,severe challenge that marxist philosophy faces,various wrong reading in the traditional theoretical frame ,its purport of ourtime,and tendency of value and historical mission display and demorstrate practical basis of china-marxist philosophy.therefore,theauthor believes that the process of china-marxist philosophy is the process of modernization of chinese philosophy.only by this,can we construct newformation that not only conforms to essential requirement of"threerepresentatives",but also processes china-marxist philosophy of chinesecharacteristics and chinese style.

哲学传统所具有的可拆解性、应用的功能性、深层可共度性以及开放性等特征从理论上表征并确证了马克思主义哲学中国化的理性依据；而马克思主义哲学在当代所面临的严峻挑战、传统理论框架中的种种误读以及它的当代旨趣、价值取向和历史使命，则宣示并彰显了马克思主义哲学中国化的现实基础；鉴此本文认为，马克思主义哲学中国化的过程正是中国哲学走向现代化的过程，只有在这个过程中，才能建构出既符合"三个代表"根本要求又具有中国特色、中国风格、中国气派的"中国化的马克思主义哲学"新形态。

The third part introspects the educational ideas of public philosophy courses in colleges, including the introspection on the philosophy nature of non-philosophy, the introspection on the purpose idea of the philosophy isolation from people, the introspection on the process idea of simple philosophy education and the introspection on the function idea of the useless theory of philosophy.

第三部分，对高校公共哲学课教育理念进行反思。包括非哲学化的哲学教育本质观的反思，哲学与人疏离的哲学教育目的观的反思，单一化的哲学教育过程观的反思，以及哲学教育无用论的功能观的反思。

This paper is divided into five parts: the first part focuses on the currentsituation of research, process of his thoughts and his determination to put it to practice.Thought this part, we can understand the background of his constitutional philosophy;In the second part, We recognize his ideological foundation, describe the awarenessand understanding of his culture about East and West, research his background of thecultures about East and West; In the third part, the writer discuss the history ofevolution about Zhang Junmai constitutional philosophy, describe the process, that isfrom Eucken's philosophy to kant's philosophy. In this process, we understand therole and significance of Zhang Junmai constitutional philosophy in building ademocratic constitutional government; Part IV , in which the writer describes thecharacteristics of Zhang Junmai constitutional philosophy, is important; In the end, thewriter thinks that Zhang Junmai political appeal hadn't achieved at the ideal result thathe expected, but, there were some reasonable factors contained in his thoughts, thatwhat we shouldn't be abandoned but be utilized and developed when constructing themodern nation.

本文主要分为五个部分，在绪论中主要叙述了张君劢宪政哲学思想之研究现状以及张君劢宪政思想历程，把张君劢的宪政活动和思想认识做出了初步的概括，使我们能更加清楚的理解他的宪政哲学思想背景；第二部分主要是对其宪政哲学思想形成之基础进行归纳与总结，叙述张君劢对中西文化的认识和理解，研究其宪政哲学思想之中西文化的理论背景；第三部分则是对张君劢宪政思想之哲学演变的探讨，叙述了其宪政哲学思想从倭伊铿哲学转向康德哲学的演变过程，从其思想演变过程来理解张君劢宪政哲学在中国民主宪政建设中的作用和意义；第四部分主要是从张君劢各种宪法草案以及宪政活动中概括其宪政哲学思想之特征，从而得出其民族意识、德法合一与精神自由的宪政哲学核心内涵，并且在时代的背景下对其社会主义思想与马克思主义社会主义观进行了比较研究；第五部分则是对张君劢宪政哲学思想的一种再认识，指出了其宪政哲学思想在当代仍饱含着建设性的意义，并且赞同其复兴儒家文化的主张，认为这一主张在当代社会发展中仍有十分巨大的现实意义，在这些认识基础上，笔者认识到我们仍要保持一种批判与继承的态度去看待张君劢宪政哲学思想。

Part Two discriminates the Ex-Soviet Marxist Philosophy and Western Marxists' Marxist Philosophy, intent on expounding the fact that the Ex-Soviet Marxist Philosophy simply sticks to, dogmatize and even mechanize the Marxist Philosophy. In parallel this section makes a systematic exposition of Western Marxist Philosophy from three aspects, i.e. the philosophical meta-problem, philosophical methodology and ideology.

第二部分通过对前苏联马克思主义哲学观和西方马克思主义的马克思主义哲学观的辨析，旨在阐明前苏联的马克思主义哲学观是对马克思哲学观的僵化、教条化、机械化的理解；并从哲学元问题、哲学方法论两个方面阐述了西方马克思主义的马克思主义哲学观。

Westerner emphasize ethics value with ontology, epistemology relative meaning, it's the congenital defect of" value question" when western traditional philosophy thinking; Though among China traditional philosophies, originated places to embody, but, going with enervation trend of traditional culture and the impacts of western culture, especially, affected by Russian textbook of Marxism, we do not only realize the value natural instinct of China"s traditional philosophy as consciously, and philosophy is studied and comes from the west to think" value question" instead, even in order to coming and study people"s" value problem" western traditional the thinking frames. This is what cause contemporary people and historical origin of the double predicament of philosophy, also is the realism meaning of the animadvert on the present philosophy view.

西方人在与本体论、认识论相对的意义上强调伦理价值，这是西方传统哲学思考"价值问题"的先天性缺陷；虽然在中国传统哲学中，起始处就是体现为以"内求诸己"的方式把握人"生命之道"的价值性的思想，但由于近代以来伴随传统文化的衰弱趋势和西方文化的冲击，使我们一味效仿西方哲学的范式去研究哲学，尤其是受前苏联马克思主义教科书体系的影响，我们非但没有自觉意识到中国传统哲学的"价值问题"指向，反而认为对"价值问题"的哲学研究源于西方，甚至在被马克思终结了的西方传统形而上学的思维框架中来研究人的"价值问题"，这是造成当代人与哲学双重生存困境的历史根源，亦是当代哲学观批判的现实意义。

As a course for master degree of the major of Marxist philosophy, Studies of Modern Western Philosophy mainly teaches the philosophies emerging in western countries and having great influences in the world since the birth of Marxist philosophy, its contents involve so many schools as Voluntarism, Positivism, Existentialism, The Philosophy of Life, Freudianism, Pragmatism,Analytic Philosophy, Frankfort School and Structuralism, etc.

现代西方哲学研究》是马克思主义哲学专业硕士点的必修学位课程，该课程所讲授的主要是马克思主义哲学诞生以来在西方国家产生的具有国际性影响的哲学思潮，在内容上涵盖了唯意志主义、实证主义、存在主义、生命哲学、弗洛伊德主义、实用主义、分析哲学、法兰克福学派、结构主义等流派。

Wundt'sestablishment of experimental psychology was a positivereaction to the theoretical crisis then faced by philosophydue to the end of philosophy's modern formulation.The Wundtianbrand of German psychology as a theoretical system wasdeveloped in philosophy's contemporary stmosphere but which,unfortunately,took philosophy's modern spirit as itsfoundation.Wundt's pychology as philosophy was thus doomed tobe out of date denied by the history of philosophy itself.

冯特心理学的理论企图，是想在现代哲学背景下，以自然科学的实证方法为依托，以它的"科学"形式为理想，建立一个以近代哲学精神为基础的理论体系，并因而构成心理学的一个相对独立的历史：它是哲学在尚未探明由其传统形式的终结而造成的理论危机的实质时以某种不得要领的新颖形式而兴起的；当哲学终于探明它的危机的实质并因而得以确立它的现代旨趣后，它便自然地趋于消亡。

The paper considers that urban planning methodology is composed with three parts. They are philosophy foundation, noetic methodology and operational methods. The philosophy foundation of urban planning methodology under the framework of multi-rationality composes of Marxist philosophy with materialistic dialectic and historical dialectic as the core, western philosophy such as humanism, verificationism, and historism etc., oriental philosophy centralized on synthesis and unison. The noetic methodology of urban includes micro logical noetic methods macro visual noetic methods and micro-macro creative noetic methods. The urban planning operational method includes the route, process and techniques needed in practice.

其中，城市规划方法的哲学基础是在总体的复合理性框架之下，由以辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义为核心的马克思主义哲学，人本主义、实证主义、历史主义等西方哲学以及强调综合调和、天人合一的东方哲学思想所构成；城市规划思维方法体系，是城市规划过程中思考问题的角度及处理问题的方法论的总和，包括微观的逻辑思维方法、宏观的形象思维方法和宏微结合的创造性思维方；城市规划操作方法体系是直接用于城市规划实践的方法归纳和概括，包括城市规划的方法路线、程序组织、技术方法等等。

We have limited budget let me know if you can do this competitively.

我们有限的预算让我知道如果你能做到这一点竞争力。

We don't know how other critters breathe--lizards, for example.

我们还不知道诸如蜥蜴之类的动物如何呼吸。