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To measure the refractive indices of different parts of a cell they use a technique called interferometry, which involves splitting a beam of light in two. One half, known as the object beam, passes through the cell; the other is directed along a different path and acts as a reference.

为了测量细胞各部分的折射率，他们采用了一种名为干涉测量法的技术，将一束光分为两束，其中一束通过细胞，被称为物体光束；另一束光则沿不同路径作为参考光束。

The shortest-paths problem involves a weighted, possibly directed graph described by the set of edges and vertices { E , V }.

最短路径问题包含一个承受的重力，尽可能地直的曲线图，该图由一组优势线和顶点{ E ， V }描述。

Indirect process measure: Discrete measure at a specific point in time during the group process; often involves multiple points of data collection.

间接过程测量：在团队过程中，不连续的对特定点的间接测量。通常包括多重点的数据收集。

The observability of hybrid system involves initial discrete states, continuous states and discrete state switched time.

混合系统的可观性包括初始的离散状态和连续状态，以及离散状态的切换时间。

Mainly involves areas: LAN technology, diskless network technology, network topology.

主要涉及的领域有：局域网技术、无盘网络技术、网络拓扑。

The "student dismission case" of Minzu University of China involves several law issues on the right redress of college students.

中央民族大学"学生开除案"涉及我国公立高校学生权利救济的若干重要的法律问题。

The determination of acidic dissociation constant s by electric potential titration involves complicated calculation.

酸解离常数是各种弱酸重要的物理常数，用电位法测定酸解离常数通常需要涉及到繁琐的数学计算，将Bjerrum生成函数变形，通过建立线性方程组的方法是计算多元酸解离常数的常用方法。

The method involves an iterative procedure, which incrementally flattens a 3D triangular mesh by region growing and obtains a parameterization with free boundary. The result is then converted to a parameterization with regular boundary by conformal mapping. Our method accounts for both the angle and area distortion during parameterization, it yields a parameterization with less global distortion and no triangular flipping.

采用区域增长算法逐层展平空间三角网格，得到空间三角网格曲面的自由边界的参数化结果，并利用保形变换将自由边界的参数化结果变换为规则边界的参数化结果；同时兼顾了参数化的角度变形和面积变形，使得参数化结果具有整体变形较小的特点，并能够避免三角形折叠的现象。

Another mechanism for bitter transduction involves direct block of apically located K+ channels by quinine and divalent salts.

这将有助于苦味抑制剂的研究，为苦味抑制的研究提供理论依据和研究思路。

The compensation under Warsaw Convention System involves the divarication as to the causes of action in Common Law legislation, particularly in USA.

华沙公约体系之下的国际航空运输损害赔偿问题涉及到了普通法系国家的诉因之争。

I can do simple painting, carpentry and plumbing.

我能做简单的油漆、木工和修水管等工作。

The motivations, notations and outline of this work are also given in this chapter.

从这个意义上讲，这些时滞是无害的。然后用实例说明这三个定理的应用和互不包含性。