查询词典 initial cost

Innovation achievements of this dissertation are mainly in the content and the method, namely: presents the content of EAP thoroughly and systematically; reviews the cost, utility and empirical studies of EAP; investigates the cost and utility of EAP theoretically, conducts the typical survey of the EAP implementation of a domestic enterprise; establishes multivariate linear regression equation of EAP utility; sets up an allocation model of EAP cost through Analytic Hierarchy ProcessThis dissertation\'s conclusion is that EAP cost is related to the time and frequency of EAP used by employee under the fixed cost, the tendency of using EAP is related to demographic characteristics and other factors, the utility of EAP is related to the personal preference of using EAP at least, the utility of EAP is leastwise related to 7 factors, the relationship with the supervisor is the most important factor in the workplace, personal health is the largest part of EAP cost.

本文的创新成果主要是内容上的创新和方法上的创新：对EAP的内容进行了全面、系统的梳理；对EAP的成本、效用和实证研究进行了综述；对EAP的成本、效用进行了理论上的探讨；对国内企业实施EAP的情况进行了典型调查；建立了EAP效用的多元线性回归方程；用层次分析法建立了EAP的成本分摊模型。本文得出的结论是：在固定成本不变的情况下，EAP的成本与员工使用EAP的时间及次数有关系；EAP的使用倾向与人口统计学特征和其它因素有关；EAP的效用至少与个人对EAP的使用偏好有关；EAP的效用至少与7个因素相关；与上级的关系是工作场所中最重要的因素；个人的身体健康是EAP成本中花费最大的部分。

Under the condition of the following- factors concerning the optimization models:the investment cost, operating cost, unfair cost, payment evade cost, drivers" extra cost and environmental pollution cost.this paper raises the optimized models of multi-modes payment of teH collection system and its algorithm is proposed by SAGA -hybrid optimization strategy, which can simultaneously optimize the following results: the optimum locations of toll stations, numbers of toll stations, the numbers of different tolling, modes" tailgates of every toll station, ETC users discount rate.and can estimate the installation rate of TAG of every toll station.the actual traffic flow capadty of different toiigate, can obtain the best toll collection system under the different simulated decision conditions.

本文充分考虑了驾驶员缴费技术选择与缴费车道选择的特性，提出了驾驶员缴费方式随机选择模型；在考虑了收费系统的投资成本、营运成本、不公平成本、漏收成本、驾驶员的额外成本和环境污染成本等因素的基础上，提出了多收费方式收费系统的优化模型，提出采用模拟退火遗传算法进行收费系统寻优的算法，可同时优化出一个收费系统的收费站位置与数量、不同收费站不同收费方式的收费车道数和ETC用户的折扣率等参数，可估算不同收费站TAG的安装率、不同收费车道实际使用量，可模拟不同决策情境下的最佳系统资源配置方案。

The static model of torsion joint is based on that of bending joint. The effects of structure parameters inside air pressure, initial angle, rube average radius, rube shell thickness on the turning angle are analyzed and the following conclusions are drawn: the relationship between the angle of torsion joint and the inside air pressure is basically linear, the angle of torsion joint increases with the initial angle and rube average radius, the angle of torsion joint decreases while the rube shell thickness increases. The kinetic equation is built for torsion joint. Simulating experiment implies that the time of inflating and deflating process is extremely shorter than that of kinetic process. So the pneumatic process can be ignored in actual system design and control. The factors that affect the dynamic features of torsion joint, such as shell thickness of rubber tube, average radius, initial angle, connector's outlet area, moment of inertia and viscous damping coefficient, are analyzed and the following conclusions are drawn: the change of rube shell thickness has no effects on the dynamic process of FPA inside air pressure while greatly affects the turning angle of torsion joint; when the rube shell thickness is small, the torsion joint has a bigger turning angle, no overshoot and long risetime, when the shell thickness is big, the turning angle of torsion joint is small, but has high response speed, overshoot and low shock; when the rube average radius increases, the turning angle of torsion joint increases and the overshoot increases too; when the initial angle of torsion joint is big, the turning joint is big, the overshoot is small and shock is low, but the risetime is big; the connector's outlet area affects the dynamic process of FPA inside air pressure greatly, but has no effects on the dynamic process of turning angle; moment of inertia and viscous damping coefficient have no effects on the dynamic process of FPA inside air pressure, but affect the dynamic process of turning angle greatly.

在弯曲关节模型推导的基础上，建立扭转关节的静态模型，并分析了扭转关节内腔压力，初始转角，橡胶管平均半径，橡胶管壁厚等参数对关节转角的影响，得出扭转关节的转动角度与充入FPA内腔的压缩气体压力之间基本呈线性关系，扭转关节的转角随初始角度和橡胶管平均半径的增大而增大，扭转关节的转角随橡胶管壁厚的增大而减小的结论；建立了扭转关节的动力学方程，仿真实验表明FPA的充放气过程与扭转关节的动力学过程相比时间极短，在实际系统设计和控制过程中可以忽略不计；分析讨论橡胶管壁厚，平均半径，初始角度，气体节流口面积，转动惯量，粘性阻尼系数等因素对扭转关节动态特性的影响，得出橡胶管初始壁厚的变化对扭转关节FPA内腔压力的动态响应几乎没有影响而对关节转角的响应曲线影响比较明显，壁厚较小时，关节可以得到较大的转角，并且转角的响应曲线没有超调，但上升时间长，壁厚较大时，关节转角变小，响应加快，但是有超调和轻微振荡现象，橡胶管平均半径越大，得到的关节转角越大，但是转角响应的超调量也随之增大，FPA的初始角度越大，关节的转角越大，并且超调量减小，振荡减弱，但是上升时间增大，管接头出口面积的大小对关节FPA内腔压力的建立过程影响较大，但对关节转角的动态响应几乎没有影响，转动惯量和粘性阻尼系数对FPA内腔压力的动态过程几乎没有影响而对扭转关节转角有较大影响等结论。

There are series of papers studying the solvability of an incompressible, viscous, instationary fluid contained in a domian bounded entirely by a free surface. In 1977, Solonnikov proved its local solvability in a Holder space for any initial date but without surface tension. In 1984, he considered the same problem in a Sobolev space with surface tension being taken into account. In I992, Mogilevskii and Solonnikov treated the same problem in a Holder space, where the coefficient of surface tension is not a constant. There are also short-time existence results for the solvability of an incompressible, vicous, unsteady fluid bounded above by a free surface and below by a fixed bottom which approach horizontal planes at infinity. In 1981, Beale proved its local solvability in a Sobolev space for any initial date but without surface tension. In 1983, Allain were concerned with the same problem in R〓 with surface tension but under the assumption that the initial fluid domain was near a horizontal strip. In 1987, he obtained the same result without the preceding assumption. In 1996, Tani solved the same problem in R with surface tension. For the solvability of an incompressible viscous instationary fluid in Ω R bounded inside by a free surface S and outside by a rotating boundary S, in 1995 Ciuperca proved its local existence in a Sobolev space for any initial date but without surface tension. In this paper, we consider the same problem with surface tension.

对于边界完全是由自由边界组成的有界区域中粘性不可压流体的非定常运动问题，Solonnikcv于1977年在忽略表面张力情况下证明了初值问题小时间解在Holder空间的存在性，于1984年在有表面张力情况下证明了初值问题问题小时间解在Sobolev空间的存在性，Mogilevskii和Solonnikov于1992年在表面张力系数可以不是常数情况下证明了初值问题小时间解在Holder空间的存在性；对于上面是自由边界、下面是固定边界且两边界在无限处趋于水平的无限区域中粘性不可压流体的非定常运动问题，Beale于1981年在忽略表面张力情况下证明了初值问题小时间解在Sobolev空间的存在性，Allain于1983年在有表面张力情况下证明了R中初值问题小时间解在Sobolev空间的存在性，但其中假定初始区域近似是个水平条，他于1987年去掉了这个假定得到同样的结果，Tani于1996年在有表面张力情况下证明了R中初值问题小时间解在Sobolev空间的存在性；对于R中内面是自由边界、外面是旋转边界S的有界区域中粘性不可压流体的非定常运动问题，Ciuperca于1995年在忽略表面张力情况下证明了初值问题小时间解在Sobolev空间的存在性，本文考虑了在有表面张力情况下初值问题可解性问题。

In Chapter 4, in the above system, the definitions of sensitive dependence on initial value, strong sensitive dependence on initial value and chaos set of a sequence of maps are put forward; Meanwhile, sensitive dependence on initial value of a sequence of maps is promited, and the concept of N - sensitive factor is also proposed; That at the local connected space λ_2/(N-1) is a N—sensitive factor, and a chaotic map containing strong sensitive dependence on initial value of a sequence of maps is proved.

第四章，在上述系统中给出了一列映射的初值敏感依赖、初值强敏感依赖和混沌集的定义；同时又对一列映射的初值敏感依赖进行了推广，提出了该系统下一个N-敏感系数的概念：证明了在局部连通空间中λ_2/N-1是系统的一个N-敏感系数；又证明了一列映射的混沌集蕴涵一列映射对初始条件具有强敏感依赖性。

As a result, it shows thatthe static or dynamic subsystem optimum alone is not equal to the system optimum. Three initial value problems met in the optimal design of flying vehicle are studied andconclusions are derived that: orthogonal test method can be adopted to decide the initial valueof static optimization problem, some mathematical techniques can be used to deal with thecostate variables of Maximum Principle and decide the initial value of the costate variable,the indirect method can be used to get the analytical solution under ideal case to guide thechoice of the initial control curve in the direct method. With some numerical examples oftrajectory optimization, it shows that all these methods are useful not only in accelerating theconvergence but also in converging to the global optimum.

针对飞行器优化设计中的三种初始值问题进行了研究，以远程弹道导弹弹道的工程优化为例说明，对于静态优化问题，采用正交试验法选取初始值，不仅可以大大加快收敛的速度，而且更有可能收敛到全局最优解；以气动力辅助变轨问题为例说明，用共态变量的一阶泰勒级数展开可以解决极大值原理中共态变量初值难于确定的问题；以二级弹道导弹的主动段弹道优化为例说明，利用间接法在理想情况下得到的解析解来指导直接法初始控制曲线的选择，将大大有利于提高直接法的收敛速度。

Through calculating the stabilization reliability index of steel members under compressive axial loads based on Euler formula considering initial bend and initial deflection, it finds that reliability index of steel members considering initial disfigurement is smaller than the steel members regardless of initial disfigurement.

本文通过分析考虑初弯曲的基于欧拉公式的轴向受压钢构件的稳定可靠性指标和考虑

Here mainly introduces five natures of the initial value problems, In several aspects summed up as the following : whether there are solutions to the problems, whether the only solution, the existence of solutions interval extent; Initial issues under what conditions have a solution--Cauchy - Piano existence theorem; how the district between the definition of a solution to open up a larger interval up; initial value problems for the sole condition --- Lipschitz conditions; 3、the numerical solution of the initial value problems of Ordinary Differential equations .

在这里主要介绍了初值问题的5个方面的性质，分别在这几个方面中总结了以下内容：初值问题是否有解，解是否惟1，解的存在区间有多大；初值问题在什么条件下有解----柯西-皮亚诺存在定理；怎样把在小区间上有定义的解开拓到较大的区间上去；初值问题解的惟1性条件---李普希茨条件；3：常微分方程初值问题的数值解法。

The results show:(1) that the dynamical properties in the system depend on the degree of entanglement of the initial two identical two-level entangled atoms and the intensity of the coherent optical field, and the atomic dipole moment can be completely squeezed via choosing optimal degree of entanglement of the initial atoms in the feeblish optical field;(2) that the quantum properties of the system also depend on the degree of entanglement of the initial two identical two-level entangled atoms and the intensity of the coherent optical field, and the radiation field can be effectively squeezed via choosing optimal degree of entanglement of the initial atoms in the feeblish optical field.

结果表明：(1)相干态光场的强度和两原子的初始纠缠度对原子的动力学行为有很大的影响。原子布居的振荡频率及幅度和原子偶极压缩的演化规律与光场强弱和两原子初始纠缠度相关联。在弱光场下，选择合适的两原子初始纠缠态，原子偶极矩可以完全被压缩。(2)相干态光场的强度和两原子的初始纠缠度对光场的量子特性也有很大的影响。光场的二阶相干性质和光场的压缩效应均与光场强度和两原子纠缠度相关联。在弱光场中，选择合适的两原子初始纠缠度，光场压缩深度和时间可达到最大。

When initial NO3--N was leached, the correlation coefficients between soil initial NO3--N and mineral N extracted by CaCl2 before aerobic incubation with raygrass nitrogen uptake were decreased to 0.613 and 0.607, respectively, and both reached 5% significantly level. However, the correlation coefficients between mineralizable N extracted by aerobic incubation, soil initial mineral N and mineralizable N extracted by aerobic incubation, N0 and soil initial mineral N and N0 with raygrass nitrogen uptake were raised obviously, and all reached 5% and 1% significant level.

以不包括土壤起始NO3--N盆栽试验植物吸氮量为参比，通气培养前CaCl2淋洗起始NO3--N和起始矿质氮与五期黑麦草地上部氮素累积量间的相关性尽管有所降低，但相关性仍达5%显著水平，相关系数分别为0.613和0.607；而通气培养30周矿化氮素、土壤起始矿质氮+通气培养30周矿化氮素、N0及N0+起始矿质氮与五期黑麦草地上部吸氮量的相关系数却明显提高，相关系数分别为0.718，0.782，0.688 和0.640，均达5%或1%显著水平。

Chinese traditional virtue is humility and wariness,the compliment and praise to the others should be declination

中国人的传统美德是谦虚谨慎，对别人的恭维和夸奖应是推辞。如

We bought this house on the never-never.

我们以分期付款的方式买下这座房子。