查询词典 independent sampling

Excepting the conventional methods of surveying samples, such as simple random sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling, systematic sampling, liner regression sampling, ratio estimator, two-stage sampling, double sampling, rotate sampling, non-probability sampling, there is sequential sampling and mark-recapture, particularly mark-recapture was introduced in detail.

针对生物资源的调查，除了一般抽样方法如：简单随机抽样、分层抽样、整群抽样、系统抽样、双重抽样、二阶抽样、样本轮换、比率估计、线性回归抽样和不等概抽样，还有序贯抽样和标记-重捕获方法，这里特别详细介绍了标记-重捕获方法。

Firstly,the sampling design has great impact on the accuracy of remote sensing classification.There exists great randomicity on the result of points and cluster sample verification on the different Sampling design.On the same sampling design,the stability of point sample verification is higher than that of Cluster sample verification.Secondly,the average accuracy of different sampling designs of multi-point and multi-cluster sample verification can reflect the accuracy characteristic.During the course of point sample verification,stratified sampling's error is lower than others'.During the course of cluster sample verification,systematic sampling and stratified sampling's accuracy are prior to simple random sampling's.

研究结果表明：（1）抽样方式对遥感分类精度评价结果的影响是客观存在的，不同抽样方式下的点样本和群样本检验结果都存在一定的随机性，但同一种抽样方式下，点样本检验精度评估结果的波动幅度小于群样本检验，稳定性比群样本检验要好；（2）不同抽样方式下的多次点样本和群样本检验的平均精度检验结果基本上都能够反映分类图像的精度特征，其中，点样本检验中，分层随机抽样点样本检验效果较好；群样本检验中，系统抽样群样本检验和分层随机抽样群样本检验的效果优于简单随机抽样群样本检验。

First, from the point of view of production and management, the importance for developing TTU is pointed out.the status in quo of technology,The direction of progress,The demand of practical and fundamentality in Distribution Automation are analyzed for Transformer Terminal Unit. The function of equipment and technical specification which meet demand of practical duty are indicated; Second, the scheme of synchronous sampling,quasi-synchronous sampling,non-integer cycle sampling,nonsynchronous sampling and algorithm are analyzed in detail. Then,the scheme of nonsynchronous sampling and multi-chunnel is ascertained. Moreover, the method of disposal sampling data for increasing precision which calculate the number of sampling per cycle dramatic by searching zero is introduced. The technique for analyzing data,stating data,storage data for Electrical Power Quality and control scheme for compensation capacitor are explained also. Finally, The scheme and structure of hardware,key circuitry using 80C196 singlechip,the scheme and ideology of software and flow chart of part software is introduced simply.

文中首先从电力生产、管理角度出发，指出了研制配变监测终端的重要意义，分析了配变监测终端的技术现状、发展趋势、现场需求以及在配网自动化中的基础地位，提出了满足实际运行要求的装置功能、技术要求；然后对目前常用的同步采样、准同步采样、非整周期采样、非同步采样的方案和算法进行了详细的分析、比较、筛选，确定了非同步采样和顺序采样的方案，并提出了一种寻找过零点从而动态计算每周采样点数的提高精度的采样数据处理方法，文中对装置中电能质量分析、统计、存储的方法以及补偿电容器的控制方案和投切原则也做了重点说明；最后，对应用80C196单片机系统研制的装置的硬件方案、结构以及关键电路和软件设计思路、方案、部分主要软件模块的流程图做了介绍。

In this review, historical background of sampling theory and development of forest inventories are presented. Application and research status of sampling methodology and technology in forest inventory in China and abroad are analyzed and reviewed, which includes sampling with probability proportional to frequency or to size, sampling based on remote sensing and sampling for rare population. Finally, both development trends and some problems of sampling methodology are discussed.

本文介绍了抽样理论的发展和国内外森林抽样调查发展过程，论述了森林调查中主要抽样方法的特点和研究现状，其中包括等概和不等概抽样、基于遥感的抽样、针对稀疏总体分布的抽样调查技术方法，并对这些抽样技术在国内外森林资源调查中的应用进行了综述，概括了抽样调查技术方法的发展趋势，最后总结了抽样技术方法还存在的一些问题。

This thesis firstly analyzed related theories on independent innovation system of Private Scientific and Technological Enterprises; secondly described the status quo and developing trend of independent innovation of Private Scientific and Technological Enterprises in China; thirdly determined objectives and characteristics of independent innovation system of Private Scientific and Technological Enterprises, put forward three ways for independent innovation of Private Scientific and Technological Enterprises, they are direct way of wholly independent innovation, outflanking ways based on cooperation innovation and imitation innovation; fourthly made "structure-function" analysis for independent innovation system of Private Scientific and Technological Enterprises, clarify system operation mechanism; finally this thesis used the theory and method of System Dynamics modeling for independent innovation system of Private Scientific and Technological Enterprises.

论文首先对民营科技企业自主创新系统相关理论进行研究；接着描述了我国民营科技企业自主创新现状与发展趋势；然后确定了民营科技企业自主创新系统的目标、特点，将民营科技企业自主创新的实现途径分为完全自主创新的直接途径和基于合作创新和模仿创新的迂回途径；并对民营科技企业自主创新系统行&结构-功能&分析，阐明民营科技企业自主创新系统的运行机理；最后应用系统动力学的理论和方法对民营科技企业自主创新系统进行建模。

Based on the design of deepsea microplankton concentrated and gas-tight sampler, the following sampling techniques are lucubrated: pollution-free sampling technique, pressure-jump-free sampling technique and in-situ concentrated sampling technique; deepsea highprecision gas-tight sampling technique; sealing technique of superpressure seawater hydraulic system; reliability design technique of deepsea high pressure cabin.

论文以深海浮游微生物浓缩保压取样器设计为背景，对深海无污染无压力突变原位浓缩取样技术、深海高精度保压取样技术、超高压海水液压系统密封设计技术和深海高压密封舱可靠性设计技术进行了深入研究。

Chapter Two illustrates the nature of the international guarantee.At first,the writer analyses the meaning of collateral nature and its theoretical basis.Thewriter points out that in order to reinforce the protection of the guarantor'sinterest,the guarantee is located as collateral guarantee in all countries'traditional legislation.In other words,the validity of the guarantee contract isdetermined by the underlying contract,i.e.if the underlying contract isestablished,the guarantee contract is established,too;if the underlying contract isvalid,and the guarantee contract is valid too.It is true,otherwise.But thedoctrine of autonomy of private law dominates the civil law and commercial lawin all the countries,so the parties are permitted to alter the collateral nature of theguarantee by an agreement under the related laws worldwide.so the collateralnature of the guarantee is not the compulsory nature of the law.This lays a solidfoundation for the emerging of the independent guarantee.The writer thenanalyses the meaning of independence and the cause of the booming of theindependent guarantee.In fact,the independent guarantee was originated fromthe change of the collateral nature by the parties contract.As a result,the validityof the contract of independent guarantee is not determined by the underlyingcontract as the collateral guarantee,But the validity of the independent guaranteecontract is independent from the underlying contract,the establishment and thevalidity of the contract of independent guarantee are not subjected to theunderlying contract.

第二章对国际信用担保的法律属性进行了论述，首先分析了从属性的含义及其理论基础，指出虽然各国传统立法为了加强对保证人利益的保护，都将信用担保定位于从属保证，即保证合同的效力取决于主合同的效力，主合同成立，保证合同也成立，主合同生效，保证合同也生效；主合同不成立，保证合同也不成立，主合同不生效，保证合同也不生效，但是由于私法自治的精神主导着各国的民商法领域，各国立法都允许当事人通过合同约定对信用担保的从属性进行改变，所以保证的从属性从来就不是信用担保制度的法律强制属性，这也为独立保证制度的出现奠定了制度前提；其次分析了独立性的含义以及独立保证兴起的原因，独立保证实际上就是当事人通过合同约定对保证从属性的改变，使独立保证合同的效力不再象从属保证合同的效力那样取决于主合同的效力，而是使独立保证合同的效力独立于主合同的效力，独立保证合同成立不因主合同的不成立而受影响，也不因主合同的无效而无效。

The computer simulated sampling points with different grid cell sizes were generated and then interpolated into 10000 points with inverse distance weighted. Finally, the original value was compared with the interpolated value for the same grid cell to find the sampling error, and optimal sampling points were determined according to the allowable sampling error.

利用计算机按照不同的网格单元尺寸(如3×3，5×5，7×7等)进行采样，之后利用采样值进行IDW插值处理，将数据点恢复到原始的10000个，并把插值结果与原始值进行比较即可得到采样误差。

The frame lengths may be calculated from a greatest common divisor of a set of sampling rates providing watermarks which are robust against sampling rate conversions between any sampling rates of the set of sampling rates.

帧长度可以从提供水印的一组采样率的第一个公约数计算出来，它们对于这一组采样率中任意采样率之间的采样率转换而言是坚固的。

In this dissertation, digital lock-in detection techniques under integer period sampling and non-integer period sampling are separately investigated (1) Under integer period sampling, digital signal sequence is acquired through sampling the measured signal, but digital reference sequence is acquired through mathematical operation, then digital lock-in detection can be realized by calculating crosscorrelation function of digital signal sequence and digital reference sequence Harmonic measure is also analyzed, and a method of measuring harmonic of a periodic signal under aliasing is put forward.

本文对使用采样ADC把模拟信号转换为数字信号并通过计算数字信号的相关函数来实现锁定检测的技术进行了研究，在此基础上设计了一个多功能的数字LIA并在一些科学实验中进行了应用。本文对整周期采样和非整周期采样时的数字锁定检测技术分别进行了研究。(1)在整周期采样时，对被测信号进行采样得到信号序列，而参考序列由数学运算得到，通过计算信号序列和参考序列的互相关函数就可实现锁定检测。

The small blue capacitor has very high chances to go fully shorted compare to electrolytic capacitor which is very rare.

小蓝电容器具有很高的机会去充分地缩短了比较电解电容器，这是非常罕见的。

In the Italian campaigns of 1513 and 1515, when the Swiss won the victories of Novara and Marignan, he acted as army chaplain.

在意大利的运动， 1513年和1515年，当瑞士赢得了胜利，诺瓦拉和marignan ，他担任军队的牧师。