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Biomass in the rain forest was far more than that in the plantation of 12 years,especially for the shrub layer.But the biomass of litterfall collected in the plantation was greater than that of the rain forest for the reason that Betula alnoidis defoliated in dry seasons.9 Four years observation found that soil bulk density tended to increase first, then decrease after planting trees;total soil porosity and non-capillary porosity tended to decrease and after few years they recovered to different degrees;the soil cation exchange capacity for all forest types increased;in the soil of 0-30cm depth,soil salt saturation tended to decrease;nutrient content in the soil of 0-60cm depth in the young stand tended to decline;soil effective P,effective K and N contents all tended to decrease.

山地雨林的总生物量远远大于10年生的西南桦人工林，其中灌木层的相对差别尤其巨大。94次的观测发现，人工林栽植后，土壤容重一般呈现一个先上升后下降的特点；而土壤非毛管孔隙度、土壤总孔隙度大多呈下降趋势，几年后有不同程度的恢复。

The results show that when the cathode humidified temperature increase, the humidification of membrane and fuel cell performance improved at lower current density, while the saturation in diffusion layer increase and the performance decreases at higher current density. Humidification of membrane and fuel cell performance improved when the anode humidified temperature increase, the saturation in diffusion layer decrease and fuel cell performance improved when the fuel cell working temperature increase, the resistance of diffusion layer decrease and the performance improved when the porosity largen. At last, the simulation results are compared with the experimental results and they are basically the same.

结果表明随阴极加湿温度的提高，在低电流密度运行时膜的润湿条件改善，燃料电池性能提高，在高电流密度运行时扩散层中液态饱和度增加，燃料电池性能下降；随阳极加湿温度的提高，膜的润湿条件改善，燃料电池性能提高；随燃料电池运行温度的提高，扩散层中液态饱和度下降，燃料电池性能提高；随气体扩散层孔隙率增加，气体扩散层阻力减小，燃料电池性能提高。

As the same section is concerned, near the bottom the maximum value of frequency appear within 1mm of bubble size, towards the water face this value tend to decrease, yet the corresponding size turns to increase; in the same time, the frequency is concentrated near the bottom and deconcentrated near the water face; under the experiment condition, the maximum frequency of the total section approximately appear at 0.5mm size; mean bubble size access 0 at bottom and increase acceleratively towards water face where tend to be infinite; total number increase during developing of aeration, and become steady when reach wholly developed area; on the same section, the total number in unit time tend to increase at first and decrease then, along the water depth.

对于同一断面，靠近槽底的测点气泡个数分布最大值出现在气泡尺寸小于1mm的范围内，朝水面方向各测点气泡个数分布最大值呈减小趋势，而其对应尺寸则呈现变大趋势；在靠近槽底，个数分布表现得比较集中，而在水面附近气泡个数分布曲线表现得低而平缓；实验条件下，整个断面上的气泡个数分布的最大值大体上出现在尺寸为0.5mm的地方；气泡平均尺寸在槽底处接近于0而朝水面方向迅速增大，且越接近掺气水流的水面，增加速度越快，最终趋于无穷大；气泡总数在掺气发展区内是沿程增加的，当掺气水流发展到一定程度后气泡总数就基本保持不变了；在同一断面上，各测点单位时间内的气泡总数随高度呈现出先增加后减小的趋势。

The results indicate the mutual effect exists between the single coals, which could increase the maximum of thermal weight loss obviously and has a small effect on the temperature extent of the weight loss. The main pyrolysis production of coal is coke, but the main production of waste plastics is tar; the yield of water became decrease and the gas became increase by adding the waste plastics. And the CRI and CSR decreased with the ratio of waste plastics in coal. The main ingredients of tar from blend coal are aromatic hydrocarbon and alkane, while those of waste plastics are alkane and alkene. The result of co-coking with coal and waste plastics make the light tar and the aromatic hydrocarbon increase obviously. The combustible ingredient(CO、H2、CH4) of gas from co-coking with coal increase at different ratio; Co-coking with coal and waste plastics could increase the combustible ingredient and thermal value of gas.

结果表明，废塑料与煤混合物在煤的塑性温度区间内存在明显的相互作用，使最大热解失重峰迁移，热解速率变大，且随着废塑料配比的增加呈现规律性的变化；煤热解产物固体焦炭为主，而废塑料的热解产物以焦油为主，废塑料的添加使得总体焦炭和水产率下降，焦炉煤气和焦油的产率增加，即共焦化呈现出明显的&增油减水&效应；随着塑料添加量的增加，焦炭热强度呈现劣化趋势；废塑料代替瘦煤配煤炼焦可使其比例提高到3%而不影响焦炭的质量；纯煤焦化所得焦油以芳香烃类和烷烃类为主，而废塑料热解焦油以烷烃和烯烃为主；废塑料配煤炼焦，可使得的焦油呈现&环构化&和&轻质化&趋势；废塑料的添加可使煤气中的可燃组分(CO、H2、CH4)的含量均有不同程度的增加；废塑料配煤炼焦可以优化焦炉煤气的组成，增加煤气中的可燃组分，提高焦炉煤气的热值。

Zn-La alloys increase the overpotential ofhydrogen evolution, Tafel slope 〓 and polarization, decrease the corrosion current density, inhibitthe corrosion of zinc electrode in alkaline solution, decrease anode Tafel slope 〓, promotedischarge reaction of zinc electrode, have higher passivation current density, inhibit thepassivation of zinc electrode, avoid the oversaturation of zincate in electrolyte, greatly increase〓 diffusion coefficient, decrease Tafel slope 〓, polarization and the overpotential of deposition,inhibit the dendrites formation and improve the electrodepostion of Zn.

实验结果表明，Zn-La合金电极显著改善了锌电极的各项电化学性能：提高析氢过电位、析氢过程Tafel斜率〓和极化，减小腐蚀电流密度，抑制锌电极在碱液中的腐蚀；降低阳极Tafel斜率〓，促进了锌电极的放电反应；具有较高的维钝电流密度，抑制锌电极的钝化；有效避免了溶液中锌酸盐的过饱和现象：使〓的扩散系数明显增大：降低Zn沉积过程的Tafel斜率〓、极化和沉积过电位，明显抑制锌枝晶的生长，改善了锌的电沉积性能。

The results show that, the chloride concentrations and diffusion coefficients are both a one-humped function of elevations (can also be the time scale of seawater infiltration), they increase with the increase of elevation until they get to the peak value, and then decrease with the increase of elevation; an evident relationship is being between the surface chloride concentrations and the wave forces acted on the concrete surface, while there is no much difference among the diffusion coefficients; the diffusion coefficients get to bigger as the depth from the concrete surface increase in the influence of the capillary structures evolution and chloride concentration, but this tendency of change was alleviated with the increase of depth.

研究结果表明：氯离子侵蚀混凝土设施的竖向分布规律为氯离子浓度、扩散系数与标高之间同为单峰函数分布，先随高程变大而变大，达到峰值后，随高程变大而减小；氯离子侵蚀混凝土设施的环向分布规律为混凝土构件表面氯离子浓度、氯离子通量与波浪力之间有明显的对应关系，波浪力越大，则表面氯离子浓度和氯离子通量越高，而扩散系数在各方位角差别不明显；由于混凝土长期服役过程中内部毛细孔隙结构演化以及氯离子浓度的影响，氯离子扩散系数随混凝土深度变大而变大，但这种变化趋势随深度逐渐趋缓。

Results show that after CO2 increases double, the area of forest and rare tree steppe of grassland area in the North of China will increase, the area of the rest will decrease, and the distribution pale of most grassland vegetation have the trendency of moving westwardly and northwardly;moveover besides the area with very drought climate, the grassland production of most areas will increase at different extent, thereinto, the area of Qing—Zang have over 20% increase, the north area of Xinjiang have 10%—15% increase, the grassland production in NeiMongol have less than 5% increase.

结果表明，CO_2倍增后，中国北方草原区森林和稀树草原的面积增加，其余各类草地面积都有所减少，且大多数草地植被的分布界线都有西推北移的趋势；而除气候极干旱地区外，绝大部分地区草地生产力都有不同幅度的增加，其中青藏区增加幅度超过20%，新疆北部增加幅度在10%～15%之间，内蒙古自治区草地的生产力增加幅度不到5%。

Aqueous extract of cotton has allelopathic effect on Raphanus sativus, Brassica campestris, Lactuca indica, Brassica campestris, Echinochloa crusgall, Setaria viridis and Abutilon theophrasti and its inhibition effect gradually strengthens with increasing concentration. Aqueous extracts from stems, leaves and roots of cotton inhibit or accelerate seed germination and seedling growth, and activity of enzyme of seedling root of cotton. While aqueous extracts from stems and leaves of cotton are 0.02 gmL^(-1), root length, shoot length, lateral root number and dry weight of cotton respectively increase by 10.3%, 3.1%, 22.9% and 2.4% over the control. The above mentioned indexes are lower than the control by 34.4%, 39.2%, 40.6% and 19.0% respectively as the aqueous extracts are 0.1 gmL^(-1). At the same time, root activity and SOD activity decrease by 38.2% and 36.7%, while POD activity and MDA content increase by 52.3% and 36.5%. Growth indexes of plant receptors increase at low concentrations but decrease at high concentrations of aqueous extracts. The allelopathic effect of aqueous extract of stems and leaves is stronger than that of root.

结果表明：棉花植株水浸提液对萝卜、白菜、莴苣、油菜、稗草、狗尾草、苘麻均具有化感效应，随着作用浓度增加，抑制效应逐渐加强；棉花茎叶和根系水浸提液对棉花种子萌发、幼苗生长、幼苗根系活力、根系酶活性有抑制或促进作用，当茎叶浸提液浓度为0.02 gmL^(-1)时，棉花根长、苗高、侧根数、干重分别比对照增加10.3%、3.1%、22.9%和2.4%，当浓度为0.1 gmL^(-1)时，上述指标与对照相比分别降低34.4%、39.2%、40.6%和19.0%，而根系活力、SOD活性比对照降低38.2%、36.7%，POD活性、MDA含量较对照增加52.3%和36.5%，不同浓度棉花植株水浸提液对棉花生长呈现"低促高抑"的规律，且茎叶浸提液作用效应大于根系浸提液。

Aqueous extract of cotton has allelopathic effect on Raphanus sativus, Brassica campestris, Lactuca indica, Brassica campestris, Echinochloa crusgall, Setaria viridis and Abutilon theophrasti and its inhibition effect gradually strengthens with increasing concentration. Aqueous extracts from stems, leaves and roots of cotton inhibit or accelerate seed germination and seedling growth, and activity of enzyme of seedling root of cotton. While aqueous extracts from stems and leaves of cotton are 0.02 gmL^(-1), root length, shoot length, lateral root number and dry weight of cotton respectively increase by 10.3%, 3.1%, 22.9% and 2.4% over the control. The above mentioned indexes are lower than the control by 34.4%, 39.2%, 40.6% and 19.0% respectively as the aqueous extracts are 0.1 gmL^(-1). At the same time, root activity and SOD activity decrease by 38.2% and 36.7%, while POD activity and MDA content increase by 52.3% and 36.5%. Growth indexes of plant receptors increase at low concentrations but decrease at high concentrations of aqueous extracts. The allelopathic effect of aqueous extract of stems and leaves is stronger than that of root.

结果表明：棉花植株水浸提液对萝卜、白菜、莴苣、油菜、稗草、狗尾草、苘麻均具有化感效应，随着作用浓度增加，抑制效应逐渐加强；棉花茎叶和根系水浸提液对棉花种子萌发、幼苗生长、幼苗根系活力、根系酶活性有抑制或促进作用，当茎叶浸提液浓度为0.02 gmL^(-1)时，棉花根长、苗高、侧根数、干重分别比对照增加10.3%、3.1%、22.9%和2.4%，当浓度为0.1 gmL^(-1)时，上述指标与对照相比分别降低34.4%、39.2%、40.6%和19.0%，而根系活力、SOD活性比对照降低38.2%、36.7%，POD活性、MDA含量较对照增加52.3%和36.5%，不同浓度棉花植株水浸提液对棉花生长呈现&低促高抑&的规律，且茎叶浸提液作用效应大于根系浸提液。

This paper endogens carbon tax and subsidy two variables, discussing how to decide the optimal level of carbon tax and subsidy. The results of the research are obtained as the following:(1) price and capital subsidy which one is priority depend on the productivity of renewable energy capital, if productivity is high enough, then should adopt capital subsidy policy;(2) price and capital subsidy indeed exist trade-off and non-independent relationship;(3) renewable energy regulation ratio has negative effect on carbon tax, however has positive effect on price subsidy;(4) green certificate price increase will result in decrease carbon tax and price subsidy, but increase capital subsidy;(5) if the authority loose the environmental target, then should impose high carbon tax which maintains the environmental quality, but have ambiguous effect on subsidy policy;(6) increasing stability of renewable energy, then increase price subsidy, however, under budget constraint should decrease capital subsidy;(7) analyzing Taiwan's three wind power energy with different price subsidy, which can improve the technology of wind power energy. In another word, it can raise the capacity of wind power energy and reach the goal of renewable energy.

本文考量政府预算限制下，探讨最适碳税税率与补贴率订定之问题，获得如下发现：(1)发电量补贴与资本补贴对促进再生能源发展效果不一样，决定於再生能源资本的生产力，如果资本生产力足够高，则发电量补贴效果较佳；反之，则应优先采行资本补贴措施；(2)发电量补贴与资本补贴的确存在抵换而非独立关系，亦即在政府预算限制下，为促进再生能源发展，应将种种补贴措施整合考量，以最低行政成本达到再生能源发展目标；(3)再生能源管制配比与碳税税率及资本补贴率呈反向变化关系；而与发电量补贴呈正向关系；(4)绿色权证交易制度具促进再生能源管制目标达到之奖励效果，因此，绿色权证价格提高可降低发电量补贴及碳税税率，降低碳税对经济不利冲击效果；(5)政府如果采行较宽松环境目标，宜提高碳税税率，避免环境品质进一步恶化，然而，对发电量或资本补贴之影响效果不确定；(6)再生能源发电效率愈高，则应提高再生能源发电补贴，在预算限制下，应降低再生能源资本补贴；(7)透过台湾三座风力机组的实证分析，采取差异性发电量补贴，将可诱导较高效率风力机组的投资行为，提高整体风力发电效率，达到再生能源发展之目标。

A backer of an Afghan law that critics say legalizes marital rape has rejected the international outcry as foreign meddling.

饱受批评的一项法律的拥护者说合法化的婚内暴力不会受国际舆论的干涉。

Years ago, a ancient Egyptian fleet went to the Land of punt for seeking a kind of flavor named "myrrh", and aromatic plants which has dense exotic style for the queen Hatshepsut.

3500年前的一个古埃及的舰队到&彭特之地&寻找一种叫没药的香料。