查询词典 genetic effect

In this paper a genetic algorithm four-dimension data assimilation system was applied to the more complex MM5 model, we verify the performance of the genetic algorithm assimilation system, we take the a heavy rainfall process during 04-05, July, 2003 as the experimental research object, and carry out data assimilation experiment of actual observation data, compare the experimental results of the genetic algorithm assimilation system and MM5 adjoint model assimilation system with the experimental results without assimilation, the following is the result:genetic algorithm assimilation system is used not only in a barotropic primitive equation but also in the complex model, MM5, for example, in the ideal experiment the result of the genetic algorithm assimilation system is better than the MM5 adjoint model assimilation system, in the assimilation experiment of actual observation data, whichever assimilation system is used, the initial field of numerical prediction model is effectively improved and the prediction effect of physical field and rainfall are somewhat enhanced.

本文将遗传算法的四维同化系统运用到更复杂的MM5模式中，在理想实验中验证遗传算法同化系统的性能，并以2003年7月4日"南京暴雨"作为研究对象，进行了实际观测资料的同化，并将遗传算法同化系统和MM5伴随模式同化系统得到的结果跟未同化的结果进行了比较，结果如下：遗传算法同化系统不仅可以用在正压原始方程模式上，同样也可以用在MM5等复杂模式上，理想实验证明了遗传算法同化系统优于MM5伴随同化系统，在实际观测资料同化中，采用两种方法的同化系统都能有效地改善数值预报模式的初始场，能在一定程度上提高物理量场和降水量的预报效果。

The effect of QTL mapping was influenced by many factors including population structure and size, number of QTLs, density of genetic markers, heritability of traits etc., especially the genetic and statistic models, so it is essential to select appropriate method according to actual situations before mapping QTLs. In this study, backcross population for QTL mapping was constructed by computer simulation in order to study power of detection and mapping precision of QTLs at different levels of factors.

影响QTL 定位效果的因素很多，包括群体类型、规模、涉及的QTL 数目、遗传标记的密度、性状遗传力等等，特别是分析中使用的遗传和统计模型对QTL 检测和定位有较大的影响。

This study aims to explore the following questions: differences of the genetic polymorphism among seasonal populations; differences of genetic diversity among four age groups and between two different gender populations; testifying the Ford and Chitty hypothesis; the relationship between the genetic diversity and geographic distance; the relationship between the genetic diversity and population density; edge effect on genetic diversity.

主要探讨以下问题：季节种群间遗传多态的差异；种群年龄组和性别间遗传多样性的差异；Ford和Chitty的假说；种群遗传多样性与空间距离的关系；种群遗传多样性与密度的关系；中心区、边缘区和半岛区种群遗传多样性的差异。

A side effect of increasing genetic variance following disruptive selection often causes greater genetic flexibility of the population.

经分裂选择后遗传变量增加的附带作用，往往使种群的遗传可塑性有所增加。

In order to reduce calculation error, the frequency distribution of average values is used to compute the mixed distribution's digital features of each component distribution, thereinto, the number of the component distribution is determined by AIC, choose the number that meets the minimum value of AIC as the component number of mixed distribution, and the other parameters are estimated by EM algorithm; Secondly, because each component distribution is corresponding to a kind of major gene genotype, according to the values of the average and variance of the each component distribution, we can use the limit error of the normal distribution to plot each individual into the correspondent component distribution, namely into correspondent major gene genotype. Then we regard each major gene genotype as a treatment level of one-way analysis of variances, and the one-way multivariate analysis of variance is carried out to calculate the covariance matrix of major gene effect, covariance matrix of polygene effect, covariance matrix of environment effect and so on; At last, combining the weights of the each component distribution of mixed distribution, we can calculate the variance of major gene effect, the variance of polygene effect, environmental variance and the genetic gain of the quantitative trait.

为减小计算误差，本研究采用均值的频数分布来计算各成分分布的数字特征，其中成分分布个数根据AIC准则，选择使AIC值达到最小的成分分布个数作为混合分布的成分分布数，分布中其它参数的确定利用EM算法来估计；其次，每个成分分布对应一种主基因基因型，根据各个成分分布的均值和方差，利用正态分布的极限误差将每个个体划分到相应的成分分布中，即相应的主基因基因型中，将每种主基因型作为单因素方差分析的一个处理水平，对其进行单因素的多元方差分析，分别计算主基因效应协方差阵、多基因效应协方差阵、环境协方差阵等参数；最后结合混合分布中各成分分布的权重即各主基因基因型的分离比例，计算主基因效应方差，多基因效应方差和环境方差，以及遗传力等参数，进而计算该数量性状的遗传进展。

The results showed that these genetic characters were simultaneously influenced by gene additive effect,nonadditive effect and reciprocal-cross effect.

结果表明，萝卜根质量、根长和根茎同时受基因加性效应、非加性效应及反交效应的共同作用。

Based on simulation and thorough research of the muti-effect evaporative system, a process of paratactic combination evaporation is added to this system and Genetic Algorithms is used for optimization. In this thesis, Simple Genetic Algorithms and Modified Genetic Algorithms are used to optimize the pressures in evaporators.

在模拟的基础上，通过对齐鲁石化氯碱厂蒸发系统进行深入研究后，本文将并列组合式热泵蒸发工艺应用到该系统中，并运用简单遗传算法和改进的遗传算法对改进后蒸发系统的压力进行了优化，优化的结果显示生蒸汽用量分别减少14.8％和18.5％。

Asymmetric over-introgression of the indica alleles on chromosome 7 and many specific regions on other chromosomes in the japonica genetic background is consistent with the general trend observed in the RIL and F_2 populations of the same cross, suggesting a high genetic load in the japonica gene pool, and japonica genome experienced a very severe bottleneck by artificial domestication.2 Genetic background effect on QTL expression of grain weight and its related traitsGenetic background effect on main-effect QTL and digenic epistatic QTL mapping for GWT and its related traits including GL, GW and GT was dissected by a large set of reciprocal introgression lines and recombinant inbred lines derived from Lemont and Teqing in Beijing environment.

籼粳相互导入具有不对称性，粳稻向籼稻背景的平均导入频率与期望值相仿，相反籼稻向粳稻背景的平均导入频率大大高于理论预期，位于第7染色体和一些其它染色体的特殊区段存在籼稻等位基因的超导入现象，在来自相同亲本的重组自交系和F_2群体中也观察到同样的导入趋势，表明粳稻基因组具有较大的遗传负荷，粳稻品种在人工驯化过程中曾经历过一个非常剧烈的遗传瓶颈。2水稻籽粒相关性状的主效和互作QTL表达的遗传背景效应利用Lemont和特青培育的双向导入系和重组自交系群体，在北京环境下定位影响千粒重及其相关性状如粒长、粒宽和粒厚的主效和互作QTL，分别在特青背景导入系、Lemont背景导入系和重组自交系下检测到影响千粒重及其相关性状的主效QTL分别为33个、27个和13个，互作QTL分别为4个、8个和23个，其中仅有6个主效QTL(QGwt5，QGl1，QGl3b，QGl4，QGw7和QGw8)在籼粳两个不同背景下共同表达，3个主效QTL(QGwt5，QGwt7a和QGt5)在导入系和重组自交系中共同表达，分别占检测到影响这些性状QTL总数的11.1%和4.3%，未检测到在3个背景下相同表达的互作QTL。

Local scientists believe that when GM corn cross-pollinates with traditional varieties, some genetic effect disturbs the offspring.

当地科学家相信，转基因玉米一旦与传统品种发生异花授粉，某些遗传作用就扰乱它们的后代。

Based on the framework of the Alife evolutionary model, we proposed two different models according to Lamarck direct evolution and Baldwin effect. They are called genetic controlled evolutionary reinforced model and autonomous genetic reinforced model, both of which embodied in the mutual effect of learning and evolution.

在基于遗传算法的人工生命进化模型的结构框架下，分别依据Lamarck直接遗传方式和Baldwin效应间接遗传方式两种不同的遗传行为方式，设计了遗传监视进化强化模型和自律遗传强化模型两种不同风格的进化模型，它们都有效地体现了学习和进化之间的双向作用关系。

Cynanchum Lingtai apricot production in the average weight 65 grams, the brightly-colored fruit, juicy rich, sweet-sour taste, sweet from the nucleolus, when the late Qing Dynasty famous Shaanxi, Gansu provinces, the Qing imperial court Tongzhi tribute for years.

灵台生产的牛心杏平均单果重65克，果实色泽鲜艳，汁多味浓，甜酸适口，离核仁甜，清末时就驰名陕、甘两省，清同治年间曾为朝廷贡品。

Chenopodium album,Solanum nigrum, and Amaranthus retroflexus were very susceptible to the herbicides. Polygonum persicaria and Abutilon theophrasti were relatively less susceptible to the herbicides, and Lycopersicon esculentum was not susceptible to it. The relationship between reduction rates of weed biomass and PPM values of weed leaves 2,4, and 6 days after treatment was established.

供试的6种杂草对该混剂的敏感性存在显著差异：红心藜Chenopodium album、龙葵Solanum nigrum和反枝苋Amaranthus retroflexus对该混剂最敏感，ED90值分别为47.65、71.67和29.17g/hm2；春蓼Polygonum persicaria和苘麻Abutilon theophrasti敏感，ED90值分别为96.91、114.20g/hm2；而番茄不敏感。