查询词典 externality

We get to know the determining effects of the human capital characteristics and other system and conception factors to the inner and outer human capital externality. Basing on these, we point out that it's necessary to deal with the relationship of inner and outer human capital externality correctly.

为了弄清人力资本外部性的决定因素，我们首先利用因子分析方法对区域人力资本特征进行了概括，分析了人力资本特征及其他体制性、观念性因素对"区域内"和"区域外"人力资本外部性的决定作用。

Externality: the impact of one person's actions on the well-being of a bystander.

外部性：一个人的行为对旁观者福利的影响。

Therefore, the study of government externality is an important direction of development of externality theory.

政府行为外部性是政府失灵的主要形式之一，也是诺思悖论的根源。

Based on the theory of Welfare Economics and market structure theory this paper analysis the concept of carbon tax and externality of the consumers and producers in the forests carbon sink market, belive that the impact of the market is correcting externality, prove that the forests carbon sink market is oligopsony at presant.

目前森林碳汇市场属于买方寡占市场，政府需要设计合适的碳税政策，对排污企业征收碳税，使企业在缴纳碳税和购买森林碳汇之间选择。

Based on the analysis of externality characteristics of freeway, using input-occupation-output model, authors studied the marginal influence of freeway on social output and profit from the aspect of theory and established quantification model of externality of freeway.

摘要在分析高速公路外部性特征的基础上，利用投入占用产出模型，从理论上研究了高速公路对社会产出及收益的边际影响，进而建立了将高速公路外部性量化的模型。

The CCFG is a kind of economical activity with positive externality, its final products offered -the ecological benefits belong to the pure public goods, the nature of the economical compensation is to internalize the externality of the CCFG, so an economical compensation mechanism should be established with the government playing a leading role. The compensation receivers should be not only peasant households but also the county-level authority that performs the project. Besides central government, the compensation payers should still include the provincial-level governments who implement the project, the provincial-level governments of those beneficiary areas of midstream and downstream of basin, international organizations, enterprises and individuals, etc. Multiple channels of raising funds for the program should be worked out and the practice method should be transformed. Thediversified compensation ways should be chosen. In reality, insufficient compensation is the normality, the cost compensation may have more maneuverability. The decision-maker should carry on proper adjustment to the compensation standard, taking into account the factors about the environment conditions, the social-economic conditions, the ecological function of vegetation, etc. and make out different compensation criterions for different areas and different levels. The author puts forward it should be kept the policy of financial subsidies to the farmers who reforest ecological forest for a long term, should prolong the compensation time frameworks to the farmers who reforest economical forest.

本文认为，退耕还林还草是一项具有正外部性的经济活动，其提供的最终产品—生态效益属典型公共产品，经济补偿的实质就是要实现这种外部性的内部化，故应构建以政府为主导的经济补偿机制；补偿对象除了退耕农户以外，还应包括实施退耕还林还草的县级政府；补偿主体除中央政府外，还需将退耕地区省级政府、流域中下游受益地区的省级政府、国际社会、企业和个人等纳入其中；多渠道筹措退耕还林还草补偿投入资金，切实转变经济补偿的运作方式；选择相互协调、相互补充的多样化补偿方式；现实中，不充分补偿是常态，实行成本补偿更具可操作性；应对补偿标准进行适当调整，在综合考虑退耕地区自然环境条件、社会经济状况以及林草植被的生态功能等多种因素的基础上，制定分区分级补偿标准：对还生态林应采取长期补偿政策，对还经济林也要适当延长补偿年限。

Extending the dynamic evolution model of technology standard with network externality to the case of multi firms, based on a stochastic dynamic game model and exploring intensively the effect of network externality on the technology evolution.

但对于新进入厂商而言，它可以选择兼容或不兼容；如果新进入厂商采用适配器和互联等兼容策略，则在位厂商只有掌握了足够的网络规模基础优势，才会拒绝新进入厂商与其兼容，否则它将会选择与新进入厂商兼容。

One kind of externality gets in touch with market division closely, produced by deepening of market division. In the frame of dynamic evolution of market division, which was put forward by Smith – Alin · Younger and developed by theory of endogenous economic growth, people draw the following conclusion. Externality exists all along, associating with institutions of market division. Evolution of institutions reduces the degree of externality partly, but furthers division of labor simultaneously, which initiates new externality. It moves in cycles like that.

杨提出的，新增长理论加以发展运用的市场分工制度动态演进的框架下，人们会发现外部经济现象伴随着市场分工制度始终存在，制度演进在一定程度上降低外部性的程度，但由此同时促进分工，而又产生新的外部经济性，如此循环往复。

The thesis has three theoretic fundamentals. The first basis is the theory of international relation, which contains several concepts such as state interest, international cooperation, international regimes , international governance, international negotiation democracy and international political economy. The second one is the game theory, which includes such concepts as game theory, Nash equilibrium and Pareto optimum, six basic game graphs are prisoner's dilemma, boxed pigs, chicken, hegemony, stag bant and battle of the sexes, the major factors are information communication, benefits allocation, hegemony power, time ＆ repeated and player number etc. The third one is the theory of environmental economics, whose prime concepts are public good, externality, free riding and market failure, but the methods to internalize externality are cap ＆ trade , carbon taxes and policy ＆ measures .

本文有3个理论基础：一是国际关系理论，其基本概念包括：国家利益、国际合作、国际制度、国际治理、国际谈判民主制和国际政治经济学；二是博弈论，其基本概念包括：博弈论、纳什均衡与帕累托最优，所采用的6种基本博弈图式为，囚徒困境博弈、智猪博弈、斗鸡博弈、盟主博弈、捕鹿博弈和性别战博弈，影响博弈结局的要素主要是，信息与沟通、利益分配与利益选择、盟主与引导力量、时间与重复博弈、博弈者数量的影响；三是环境经济学理论，其基本概念包括：公共物品、外部性、搭便车和市场失灵，解决外部性的基本方法是，限量与交易、碳税和政策与措施。

Based on externality of green building, economic principle to solve the externality of green building was analyzed, whereafter some strategies aiming at promoting the development of green building was proposed.

基于绿色建筑外部性分析，阐述了解决绿色建筑外部性的经济原理，提出了一些推动绿色建筑发展的对策。

It goes back to what I told you...

现在回到我告诉过你的。。。

With a supporter in Mr Charest and an admirer in Mr Dumont, Mr Harper may be encouraged to call an election himself.

由于在沙雷那边有个支持者，杜蒙那边有个崇拜者，鼓励哈珀为自己举行一次选举。