查询词典 election

In four or five years the government will face a new election, and it must think of how it will win that election. That would encourage a preference for policies that will bring short term benefits to the electorate (or to self-interested politicians) before the next election, rather than unpopular policy with longer term benefits.

在未来的四五年内，政府将会面临一次新的选举，在这次选举中，政府必须考虑如何去赢，而这将会在下一次选举之前鼓励产生能为全体选民带来短期利益（或者是为利己主义的政客们）的政策，而不是产生带来长期利益但却不受欢迎的政策。

The studied object covers the election of councilor and the representatives of People's Congress, and the study involves the democracy and election rules, the Potential Rules of logrolling and the strategic action in Chinese style election, the property rights analysis of universal suffrage history, property rights restriction and election legalization, the logic of rational e...

本文重点研究了民主与选举的规则，互投赞成票的"潜规则"以及中国式选举中的策略行为，普选权历史的产权分析，产权约束与选举法治化，理性选民的行动逻辑，选举中的竞争以及选民参选的行动逻辑，代议制度和代表的行动逻辑。除了方法论研究的特色外，本文在上述研究对象方面均有创造性研究或发现。

At first, there will be a Primary Election which is held during the first half of the Campaign Year.

预选primary election是美国总统选举的第一阶段，通常从大选campaign年的年初开始，到年中结束。

With the advice and unanimous consent of our brothers, cardinals of the holy Roman church, by means of this our constitution which will have permanent validity, we establish, ordain, decree and define, by apostolic authority and the fulness of our power, that if it happens (which may God avert in his mercy and goodness towards all), after God has released us or our successors from the government of the universal church, that by the efforts of the enemy of the human race and following the urge of ambition or greed, the election of the Roman pontiff is made or effected by the person who is elected, or by one or several members of the college of cardinals, giving their votes in a manner that in any way involves simony being committed -- by the gift, promise or receipt of money, goods of any sort, castles, offices, benefices, promises or obligations -- by the person elected or by one or several other persons, in any manner or form whatsoever, even if the election resulted in a majority of two-thirds or in the unanimous choice of all the cardinals, or even in a spontaneous agreement on the part of all, without a scrutiny being made, then not only is this election or choice itself null, and does not bestow on the person elected or chosen in this fashion any right of either spiritual or temporal administration, but also there can be alleged and presented, against the person elected or chosen in this manner, by any one of the cardinals who has taken part in the election, the charge of simony, as a true and unquestionable heresy, so that the one elected is not regarded by anyone as the Roman pontiff.

的意见，并一致同意，我们的兄弟，红雀的罗马教会，通过我们的宪法，这将永远有效，我们建立，注定，法令和确定，由使徒权威和丰富我们的权力，如果发生（可能避免上帝在他的仁慈和善良对所有），上帝已发布后我们或我们的继任政府的普世教会，这所作出的努力的敌人，人类的欲望和以下的目标或贪婪，选举是罗马教皇或影响的人谁当选，或由一个或几个成员的枢机主教，使他们的选票的方式，以任何方式涉及西摩尼正在致力於-的礼物，许诺或收到的资金，货物的任何类型，城堡，办事处， benefices ，承诺或义务-选出的人或由一个或几个其他人，以任何方式或形式，即使选举产生了多数三分之二或一致选择所有红雀，甚至在一种自发的协议的一部分，所有，未经审核作出，那麼不仅是本次选举或选择本身无效，并没有赋予人选举或选择以这种方式的任何权利或者精神或时间管理，而且还可以有指控，并提出，对当选者，或选择以这种方式，任何一个红雀谁参加了选举，充电的西摩尼，作为一个真正的和不容置疑的邪说，使选举是一个任何人都不会认为是罗马教皇。

The Essay is focused on the new election system of Japanese House of Representatives' to find out the roles of election system in Japan democratic Progress. To perfect the electoral system, Japan had mended its election system of the House of Representatives 14 times since 1889 till 1994. In 1993, some political issues, included the reform of election system, eventually led Prime Minister Miyazawa Kiichi to resign and ended the Liberal Democratic Party' 38-year-old reign, as well as the so-call"55 system（the party system of 1955）".During the past century, Japan has tried small, medium and large sized district systems, currently "First past the post with Proportional Representation System", to constitute a fair and better system which is expected to improve Japan's political environments and make voters trust the politics.

中文摘要本论文系以日本众议院新选举制度为研究之核心，探讨日本在其民主化过程中，选举制度所扮演之角色，日本为让选举制度更臻完善，自一八八九年起至一九九四年止，共计针对其众议院选举制度进行了十四次之修改，甚至於一九九三年，因选举制度等政治议题之改革，导致自由民主党之宫泽喜一内阁下台，结束该党长达三十八年之长期执政，日本政治上所谓「五五体制」亦至此宣告结束，过去百余年来日本先后实施过小选举区制、中选举区制、大选举区制及目前实施之小选举区比例代表并立制，其主要目的系为建构一套更公正、公平、优质之选举制度，让其政治更清明，让选民对政治更有信心。

There are many new election methods during the investigation of election methods. But all kinds of election methods, seeing from the election system itself, all value the candidate individual character and follow the traditional political principle "choose wise raise ability", but their common weakness is that they all neglect the importance of the whole function, and can't resolve the strong limitation by the agrestic culture.

全国各地在探索村民自治过程中，出现了平行选举、职次选举、叠加选举、累计选举四种选举方式，从选举制度本身来看，均重视了候选人个体素质的选择，体现了传统&选贤举能&的政治理念，但是共同的缺点是忽视了发挥选举制度整体功能的重要性，不能很好地解决浓厚的乡土文化对民主选举的制约问题。

But the elector ticket finally in us said decided his voting favors, does not have the leeway which any may change, therefore has like this had an extremely important American election peculiar circumstance, has a possibility presidential candidate, loses the national election Pu ballot most, but he can attain the elector ticket the most speeches, he can equally president-elect, then we discussed a moment ago 2000 US presidential election, Bush was this kind of kind of mechanism which depended on, finally was in front of a goal a foot, has achieved the presidential election success, then US electoral system third Americanizing characteristicIs, he who we said needs the massive funds the investment, then acts according to the media the report, until now, American this year in 2008 president candidate, two candidates expenditures, probably already approached 1,400,000,000 US dollars, then a what concept 1,400,000,000 US dollars were?

而选举人票最后在我们说决定他的投票倾向的时候，是没有任何可以改变的余地的，所以这样就产生了一个非常重要的美国大选的特殊情况，就是有可能一个总统候选人，失去全国大选的普选票的多数，但是他能够拿到选举人票的多数的话，他一样能够当选总统，那么刚才我们讨论的2000年的美国总统大选，布什就是靠的这样一种机制，最后临门一脚，获得了总统大选的胜利，那么美国选举制度的第三个美国化的特点，就是我们所说的，他需要大量的经费的投入，那么根据媒体的报道，迄今为止，美国今年的2008年总统候选，两位候选人的花费，大概已经接近14亿美元，那么14亿美元是一个什么概念呢？

The US electoral system this kind of Americanizing characteristic, is we said its special voting way, is USs election although is the general election system, but voters direct voting is not throws for presidents candidate, but is throws to us said, US from 1784, his constitutionalism conference already determined, we said called ElectoralCollege to be called the elector to roll the system, then this elector rolled the system, meant said USs presidential election, in essentially was one kind, was not the direct general election, but was one kind of indirect general election, then each voter voted gives Honshus thisWe said the elector, finally acts according to this state, two political party candidates, who attains this state in all voter ticket most, then this state all elector ticket, directly for this presidential candidate, therefore we said this kind of system in the voting way, calls WinningTakeOver, who is in which state achievement, then he is only possibly simple most, but he can attain this state all elector ticket.

美国选举制度这种美国化的特点，就是我们说它的特殊的投票方式，就是美国的大选尽管是普选制，但是选民的直接投票不是投给总统的候选人，而是投给我们说，美国从1784年，他的立宪会议就已经确定的，我们说叫ElectoralCollege叫选举人团制度，那么这个选举人团制度，就意味着说美国的总统大选，在本质上是一种，并不是直接的普选，而是一种间接的普选，那么每个选民投票给本州的这个，我们说选举人，最后根据这个州，两个政党候选人，谁拿到这个州的所有选民票中的多数，那么这个州的所有的选举人票，就直接给这个总统候选人，所以我们说这样一种制度在投票方式上，叫WinningTakeOver，就是谁在哪一个州获胜，那么他可能只是一个简单的多数，但是他会拿到这个州的所有的选举人票。

In Taiwan election campaign, there is a phenomenon which shows that the election is based on certain degrees of consanguinity and affection. This phenomenon has been approached in this paper as the first aspect to investigate Taiwan election culture, and the design of the election system externalizes the negative part of Taiwan election culture.

在台湾选举中，以血缘和情感为中心组织竞选的现象是考察台湾选举文化形成的基本出发点，而选举制度的设计又从外部强化了选举文化的恶质特征。

From a distance, I had followed the escalating ferocity of Washington's political battles: Iran-Contra and Ollie North, the Bork nomination and Willie Horton, Clarence Thomas and Anita Hill, the Clinton election and the Gingrich Revolution, Whitewater and the Starr investigation, the government shutdown and impeachment, dangling chads and Bush v.

在墙上我目睹了华盛顿这一切日益升级的政治斗争：伊朗门和 Ollie North 为政府进行的苦苦辩护； Bork 的任命被驳回和 Willie Horton 案； Clarence Thomas 即被任命为大法官时被 Anita Hill 控告性骚扰； Clinton election 当选和 Gingrich 带领共和党夺回国会；白水事件和 Starr 报告…政府怠工，人们忙于弹劾，职责乃至扯皮。

It is also known as one of the most poisonous naturally occurring substances.

它也被称为一个最自然发生的有毒物质。

The greatest stress is found at the location on the cross section where V is the largest.

最大应力出现在横截面上V为最大的地方。