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Secondly, philosophy of science is during interim, and it faces reproach which empiricism meets with, argument of determinism and indeterminism, and controversy of view on causality. The philosophy of science of Suppes just solves the questions in some sense in a kind of idea and way, and exceeds logical empiricism and 'postempiricism' to open up a new way for philosophy of science.

第二，科学哲学处于过渡时期，面对经验主义所遭受的非议、决定论与非决定论之争以及因果论的争议，苏佩斯的科学哲学以一种全新的思想和方法对这些问题做了某种程度的解决，并超越逻辑经验主义和"后经验主义"，为科学哲学另辟新径。

We can do many interesting experiments in science class. That's why we like science class very much. However, some experiments are difficult and dangerous. For example, something acid and alkaline will erode our body. Besides, indicators are very dangerous. So, be very careful to do any experiments inscience class! This is our experiment in science class.

我们喜欢上自然课，因为上自然课可以做实验，我们的自然实验有些有趣，有些困难，不过全都非常好玩，可是有些实验会使我们得生命有危险，像水溶液实验，因为酸、碱性的水溶液，会是我们的身体腐蚀，指示剂也非常危险，所以做实验要非常小心，以上就是我们的自然实验。

Actuarial science applies mathematical methods in insurance and is a science between applied mathematics and insurance. Bonus-malus system of automobile insurance is an important topic in actuarial science. Markov chain, Bayes theory, the theory of delay differential equation and dynamic programming are used to study BMS, especially optimal BMS, of automobile third-party liability insurance in this dissertation, which is organized as follows:First, we study the properties of Chinese present BMS.

精算学是将数学方法应用于金融保险所形成的一套理论体系，是应用数学研究领域和金融保险研究领域这两者之间的一个边缘学科，汽车保险奖惩系统是现代精算学中的一个重要研究课题，本文主要用马尔可夫链、贝叶斯理论、时滞微分方程理论与动态规划等研究汽车第三者责任保险奖惩系统，特别是最优奖惩系统。

The approaches in organic chemistry reveal the essence of bonding of atoms within the oranic chemicals which constituent the matters in the world, the law of organic molecules interconversion, and designs and synthesizes organic molecules with special structures. Meanwhile, it provides theory, technology and materials for related subjects such as material science, life science and environmental science.

有机化学学科的发展，揭示了构成物质世界的有机化合物分子中各原子间键合的本质以及有机分子转化的规律并设计、合成了具有特定结构的有机分子；它又为材料科学、生命科学、环境科学等相关学科的发展提供了理论、技术和材料。

The intersection and interpenetrate of life science and engineering science are the conspicuous character of recent development of science and tenology. Envoluation, as an important self-adapt method drawn from life phenomena, has been generally recongnized and widely applied to problem solving. But the current evolving models have a common deficiency: they can not well reflect that the evoluation of the system is in fact the co-evolution under numerous local reciprocity.

生命科学与工程科学的相互交叉、相互渗透和相互促进是近代科学技术发展的显著特点之一，进化行为作为从生命现象中抽取的重要的自适应机制已被人们普遍认识并得到了广泛的应用，然而现有的进化模型存在一个共同的不足——未能很好地反映出一个普遍存在的事实：多数情况下，整个系统复杂的自适应进化过程，事实上，是一个构成系统的众多子系统局部相互作用的协同进化过程。

SCIENCE (for Grades 7 -9) is a newly assigned comprehensive course in the new round of educational course reform. Science course takes training the science attainment of students as purpose, it covers the original contents of Physics, Chemistry, Biology and Geography for junior high school, also Astronomy and some intersectional subjects are involved.

科学》(7～9年级)课程是新一轮基础教育课程改革中新设置的一门综合性课程，它以培养学生的科学素养为宗旨，涵盖了原有的初中物理、化学、生物以及地理的内容，同时在天文学及一些交叉学科领域有所涉及。

Its root is philosophy, that is, philosophy is the sources of cognitive science. Theoretically,cognitive science comes through from metaphysics to psychological experiment, from introspectionism to behaviorism, from cognitivism to connectionism and computational-representationism. Methodologically,cognitive science takes on from introspective examination to behavior analysis, from mental reduction to functional construction, from symbolic operation to arti...

认知科学根源于哲学，同时又包含着许多哲学问题；在理论上，认知科学经历了从形而上学思辨到心理实验，从内省主义到行为主义，从认知主义到联结主义、计算表征主义综合的范式更替；在方法上，表现出从内省审查到行为分析、从心理还原到功能建构、从符号运算到人工神经网络的转变。

According to philosophy of science, we can divide the essential view of science into two kinds, modern and tradition, the traditional essential view of science mainly include empiricism, rationalism and logical positivism

从科学哲学的视角来看，可以把科学本质观分为传统的科学本质观与现代的科学本质观两类，传统的科学本质观主要有经验主义科学本质观、理性主义科学本质观和逻辑实证主义科学本质观

Different educational theories based on different philosophy of science will have great effect on the scientific education and the formation of the students' views of natural science. Since over one century, especially in the latest 50 years, philosophy of science has developed continuously, from the logical positivism in the past to the constructivism, the main trend in the contemporary era.

哲学是关于自然界、社会和人类思维及其发展的最一般规律的学问，科学哲学是站在哲学的角度考察科学的一门学科，建立在不同科学哲学基础上的不同教育理论，对科学教育、对学生科学观的形成都会产生巨大影响。

It can systematize,deepen and opti-mize people's research and recognition about creativity and creative science,overcome the shortcoming of traditional re-searching,recognizing,developing creativity and creative science independently and lopsidedly,and promote all-round deve-lopment of creativity and creative science.

由于系统科学揭示了客观物质世界新的本质联系和运动规律，为人类认识世界和改造世界提供了新思路、新方法、新途径，因而成为科学研究的锐利武器和有效工具，也为创造和创造学的研究提供了一个崭新的角度和有效的途径。

There are different types of personal loans available.

有许多不同类型的个人贷款优惠。

The above mentioned teaching model of spiral rising can be used to avoid rigidness in teaching.

上述螺旋式上升的教学模式，可以避免教学形成模式後的僵化现象。