黑粉菌

Smuts Plant diseases caused by basidiomycete fungi of the order Ustilaginales.

黑粉病：是一种由于担子菌纲黑粉菌目的真菌引起的植物疾病。

Examples of smuts are Tilletia and Ustilago.

例如腥黑粉菌属 Tilletia 和黑粉菌属 Ustilago 。

Category used in some systems to comprise the two orders Ustilaginales and Uredinales.

在某些系统中使用的一个分类范畴，由黑粉菌目和锈菌目组成。

More than 20 taxa of airborne fungi have been collected,among which the most common fungi were Uredinales,Ustilaginales,Alternaria,etc.Fungi spores were ralated with the season and weather,the most aboudant period in sring and summer.

结果：全年均可见真菌孢子，共收集真菌种类20多种，其中最常见的有链格孢、锈菌、黑粉菌等，其数量和季节、气候有关，以春季、夏季最多，秋季和冬季依次降低。

Results Observation of 35 746 grain of airborne fungi spores and 1 188 grain of fungi spores for one year revealed the following species of fungi: Ustilaginales, Aternaria, Uredinales, Clodoporium cladosporioides, Cladosporium, Pithomyces, Cladosporium macrocarpum, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus versicolor and Aspergillus fumigatus. Thirth-nine of 85 infants and young children with asthma (45.9%) showed positive skin test and 108 of 260 older children with asthma (41.5%) were positive for the skin tests; total positive rate was 42.61%.

结果 经1年的调查，曝片观察到的35 746个真菌孢子和曝皿观察到的1 188个菌落，分属于4个亚门60个种属，常见菌种有黑粉菌、交链孢菌、锈菌、枝孢芽枝菌、芽枝菌、皮思菌、大孢枝孢菌、黑曲菌、杂曲菌和烟曲菌。85例婴幼儿哮喘患儿，39例真菌变应原皮内试验阳性（45.9％），260例儿童哮喘患儿，108例皮试阳性（41.5％），总阳性率42.6％。

objective in order to investigate the variety of the airborne fungi in jingzhou area and study the relationships between airborne fungi and allergic diseases.methods we surveyed the fungi sensitizing of air in jingzhou city from feb.1th,2007 to jau.31th,2008 to quantitatively observe the daily airborne fungi and count under microscope through one year.results the fungi spores were present through all year.more than 20 taxa of airborne fungi have been collected,among which the most common fungi were uredinales,ustilaginales,alternaria,etc.fungi spores were ralated with the season and weather,the most aboudant period in sring and summer.conclusion the airborne fungi were seen one year and were mostly allergenic.many of then had seasonal distribution.

目的：调查荆州市气传真菌的种类、数量变化及飘散规律，了解优势菌群与过敏性疾病的关系，为荆州市空气真菌过敏症的防治提供参考。方法：2007年2月1日至2008年1月31日，在荆州市设曝片点，每日换片，收集全年气传真菌样品，在显微镜下统计，定量获得每天及全年的真菌数量。结果：全年均可见真菌孢子，共收集真菌种类20多种，其中最常见的有链格孢、锈菌、黑粉菌等，其数量和季节、气候有关，以春季、夏季最多，秋季和冬季依次降低。结论：气传真菌全年均有分布并具有较强的致敏性，部分真菌具有明显的季节性变化。

The result showed that the isolated strain was Ustilago esculenta, and indole acetic acid, abscisic acid, and gibberellic acid3 (GA3) were detected in the fermentation broth, and the contents of IAA is 0.1306mg/L, ABA is 0.01367mg/L.

结果表明：用菌落形态与孢子形态鉴定和分子生物学鉴定的方法，对茭白中分离的一个菌株鉴定为菰黑粉菌，且在其发酵液中检测到植物激素IAA、ABA和GA3，其中IAA含量为0.1306mg/L，ABA含量为0.01367mg/L。

Simple sequence repeats or microsatellites have been used as genetic markers in population genetics because of their abundance and length variation between different individuals. This study examined the SSRs in the completely sequenced Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea genomes . The occurrences, relative abundance, relative density, most common motifs, and the longest SSRs in the two species were analyzed, and compared with other plant pathogenic fungal species, such as Fusarium graminearum, Magnaporthe grisea and Ustilago maydis .

利用公共的真菌基因组数据库资源，对核盘菌和灰葡萄孢基因组中SSRs的结构类型、分布、丰度及最长序列等进行了系统分析，并与已经研究过的禾谷镰孢菌，稻瘟病菌和黑粉菌等几种植物病原真菌基因组中的SSRs进行了比较。

Hylogenetic analysis indicated that PsCdc2 showed high similarity with Cdc2 from Puccinia graminis (73.1%), Cryptococcus neoformans (72.4%) and Ustilago maydis (70.4%), respectively.

sCdc2基因编码蛋白与小麦秆锈菌、新型隐球菌、玉米瘤黑粉菌等多种真菌的Cdc2高度相似，其中与小麦秆锈菌的Cdc2亲缘关系最近，序列相似性达73.1%。

Rice kernel smut is a kind of common disease on hybrid rice which is causedby Neovossia horrida fungus.

稻粒黑粉病是由稻尾孢黑粉菌属稻粒黑粉菌引起的一种杂交稻制种上的常见病害。

On closer examination, though, this is not a vote for multilateralism but just the opposite.

仔细审视后我们发现，这并非是对多边主义投出的赞成票，而是恰好相反。

Uncovering their weak spots, so I can defeat them.

揭露出他们的弱点，这样我就可以打败他们了。