预防接种

Secondly, through the filariasis immune experiment, people improve that the skin is wiped with the levamisole liniment at regular intervals instead of preparing the bacterin for inoculability, levamisole actions of resisting the virus and infection are exerted without the disease when inoculating the pathogeny, and the specificity immune protection is obtained under the pathogeny action, the immune preventive intention is reached just as injecting the bacterin.

二是，经丝虫病免疫实验证实，不用制苗接种，通过左旋咪唑搽剂定期皮肤涂药，在接种病原时，发挥左旋咪唑抗病毒、抗感染作用而不发病，并在病原作用下，获得特异性免疫保护，就像注射疫苗一样达到免疫预防的目的。

Part Ⅱ Objective: To study the immunoprotective and the immunotherapic effects of the new nucleic acid vaccine of the hepatitis B: pVAX1-C3d-S2S; respectively in normal and HBV transgenic mice after being inoculated intra- muscularly with this Eukaryotic Expression Plasmid, such as the in situ production of the expressed protein in muscle tissue section and specific humoral immune response in normal mice、the variation of specific antigen、antibody and HBV DNA, especialy the changes of specific antigen in liver.

第二部分新型乙肝核酸疫苗pVAX1 C3d-S〓S免疫预防效应和治疗作用的研究目的：研究含有新型分子佐剂补体C3d的HBV adw血清型的乙肝核酸疫苗重组真核表达质粒pVAX1-C3d-S〓S接种正常BALB／c小鼠和HBV转基因小鼠后，其免疫预防作用（接种局部肌肉中特异性抗原蛋白的表达和所诱生的体液免疫应答规律）以及免疫治疗作用（血清中特异性抗原的表达、特异性抗体的产生、HBV DNA的消长和肝组织中抗原表达的变化）。

There is still high incidence of hepatitis A in the developping country. The wide-spread use of HAV live attenuated vaccine and inactive vaccine has provided efficient ways for controlling the epidemic of heptatitis A. while, some people got hepatitis A after injecting vaccines. In order to distinguish the viral capsid could result from hepatitis A vaccines or from natural infection, the identification of the virus strains is necessary. In 1975, KO|¨hler and Milstein have developped hybridoma technique for producting monoclonal antibody.

甲型肝炎在发展中国家多年来都有不同程度的流行，甲肝减毒活疫苗和灭活疫苗的使用，为甲肝的预防提供了可靠的手段，但偶有在接种疫苗后发生甲型肝炎的案例，这就需要对患者所感染的病原体进行鉴别，以明确患者发病的原因是接种疫苗引发还是甲肝野毒株感染导致的偶合病例。1975年KOhler和Milstein建立了杂交瘤技术制备了单克隆抗体(monoclonal antibody；McAb)。

Singer, the mother of a child with autism, added,"That study did a lot of harm. People became afraid of vaccinations. This is the Wakefield legacy: this unscientifically grounded fear of vaccinations that result in children dying from vaccine-preventable diseases."

Singer是一个自闭症孩子的母亲，她补充到，&这个研究伤害了很多人，人们惧怕接种疫苗，这都是Wakefield所带来的：这些没有科学依据的对疫苗接种的恐慌，导致许多儿童因那些可预防的疫病而死。&

There is probably a genetic contribution, particularly in genes controlling the level of immune response – although genetic susceptibility is likely to be linked to an environmental factor, some possible factors including vaccination or exposure to silicates.

有可能是遗传的贡献，特别是在基因控制水平的免疫反应-尽管遗传易感性可能是与环境因素，一些可能的因素，包括预防接种或接触矽酸盐。

Those with asthma who had been vaccinated were significantly more likely to have used inhalers/nebulizers in the past month than those not recently vaccinated (adjusted odds ratio=1.8) leading the authors to suggest that "influenza vaccination may not help prevent acute respiratory exacerbations."

已接种的哮喘患者比最近未接种疫苗者，在过去几个月中使用气雾吸入剂或喷雾剂的可能性显著升高（校正OR=1.8），由此作者推测&流感疫苗无助于预防呼吸道病情加重&。

Methods:Preventive inoculation history and foster relation of 527 case of childen epidemic encephalitis B from 2001 to 2006 in our hospital were analysed retrospectively.

回顾性分析我院自2001年到2006年住院治疗的527名乙型脑炎患儿的预防接种史、临床资料、以及患儿的带养关系。

It is important to carry out preventive and control methods that focus on prophylactic immunization to control Epidemic Encephalitis B among children,because sources and mediums of infection exist widespreadly.

结论湖北省乙脑发病率呈波动性的下降趋势，但由于该病传染源和传播媒介广泛存在，应采取预防接种为主的综合性防制措施，控制儿童乙脑的流行。

Children and pregnant women so far are the focus of the vaccinations.

儿童和孕妇是迄今为止对预防接种的重点。

WHO is currently working with Ministries of Health in Chad and Cameroun to plan for synchronized sub-national immunization campaigns targeting children aged under 5 years with Oral Polio Vaccine starting 11 November.

世界卫生组织正与乍得和喀麦隆卫生部合作，计划于11月11日开始针对5岁以下儿童同步开展口服脊髓灰质炎病毒疫苗的预防接种行动。

Cynanchum Lingtai apricot production in the average weight 65 grams, the brightly-colored fruit, juicy rich, sweet-sour taste, sweet from the nucleolus, when the late Qing Dynasty famous Shaanxi, Gansu provinces, the Qing imperial court Tongzhi tribute for years.

灵台生产的牛心杏平均单果重65克，果实色泽鲜艳，汁多味浓，甜酸适口，离核仁甜，清末时就驰名陕、甘两省，清同治年间曾为朝廷贡品。

Chenopodium album,Solanum nigrum, and Amaranthus retroflexus were very susceptible to the herbicides. Polygonum persicaria and Abutilon theophrasti were relatively less susceptible to the herbicides, and Lycopersicon esculentum was not susceptible to it. The relationship between reduction rates of weed biomass and PPM values of weed leaves 2,4, and 6 days after treatment was established.

供试的6种杂草对该混剂的敏感性存在显著差异：红心藜Chenopodium album、龙葵Solanum nigrum和反枝苋Amaranthus retroflexus对该混剂最敏感，ED90值分别为47.65、71.67和29.17g/hm2；春蓼Polygonum persicaria和苘麻Abutilon theophrasti敏感，ED90值分别为96.91、114.20g/hm2；而番茄不敏感。