辐射的

The influence of radiation on flow was controlled by temperature and absorption coefficient.

结合流动计算的MacCormack格式和辐射传输计算的Monte Carlo法，研究了跨声速喷管内流动与辐射的耦合现象，考察了不同温度和吸收系数情况下流动与辐射的相互影响。

We obtain a parameterized description of weather with the meteorological data. The study is focused in visible spectrum and the optical features of atmosphere, especially the influence of airborne media on imaging.

在大气层的太阳辐射方面，讨论不同季节的大气层外的太阳辐射，以及大气层对太阳辐射的吸收、散射与漫射作用；根据天空参数得到了一个天气参数化的描述。

I calculate model of the underfloor air conditioning system with radiation of the floor, find that among the underfloor air conditioning system with radiation and underfloor air conditioning system without radiation and a ordinary one blow air conditioning system, the system has the characteristics that underfloor air conditioning system with radiation is smaller, more economic, more energy-conserving.

笔者通过对一个带有地板辐射的地板送风空调系统的模型进行计算，发现带有地板辐射的地板送风空调系统与无地板辐射的地板送风空调系统以及普通的上送风空调系统相比较，系统具有送风量更小，更经济、节能的特点。

According to the energy conservation theory, BOM and CSIM4 were coupled. The BOM has no treatment on transmission solar radiation, which is of great importance when the model is adapted to Arctic Ocean. So the treatment was introduced to BOM. Through numerical test on different lead albedos, it was found that sea ice thickness is not so sensitive to lead albedo, which may be contribute to the lead occupies little ratio within multiyear sea ice pack. The reason of summer over-melt of arctic sea ice is the NCEP reanalysis downward solar radiation being larger than its reality. Then the arctic sea ice climate variability was simulated. Results showed that: simulated ice thickness change is in accord with the submarine investigated mean sea-ice draft changes. Simulated annually maximum ice thickness along the Eurasian continental oceans are closely related to the observed ones. The long-term mean simulated ice motion has the same features of the SSM/I derived ice motion. Sea ice extents in differential sub-regions have same trends comparing to the satellite passive-microwave data derived ones. Simulated ice concentration is closely related to the observed in the Arctic sub-regions. Sea ice flux through the Fram Strait involves ice concentration, motion and thickness. It is a composite criterion for sea ice model evaluation. The simulated ice area and volume export through the strait accord with the satellite derived or statistically reconstructed ones.(5) The simulated ice thickness climate variability and mean sea surface current of the coupled model were analyzed, results showed: the total ice volume in the Arctic Ocean has a significant decreasing trend. The volume variability is of a 10-year timescale oscillation, with two major periods of 12-13a and 18-20a. Mean ice thickness in the arctic sub-seas has different tendencies. It has an increasing trend in the Barents-Kara Sea and Baffin Bay-Labrador Sea, and decreasing in the others. The characteristic time scale of 7-10a wherein the river discharges leads the Fram Strait ice volume export is about the period that river water takes to be conveyed across the Arctic Ocean.(6) Using the simulated ice distribution in the Arctic Ocean and China precipitation, air temperature and SST in tropical key regions, the climate teleconnection were studied. Result showed: When the mean sea ice thickness is large in the central Arctic Ocean and Chukchi-Beaufort Sea , and small in the Barents-Kara Sea and Baffin Bay-Labrador Sea , the precipitation in South China, Tibetan Plateau, and the north part of Northeastern China are always smaller than normal, and v. v. When the mean ice thickness is small in CA, BC, East Siberian Sea and Greenland-Iceland-Norwegian Sea , and large in BL, The air temperature in north-eastern China, the southern of Tibetan Plateau, and Hainan Island, are always lower than normal, and v. v. In addition, when the sea ice is thick in BC and BL, the SST is larger in the middle and eastern Pacific Ocean, and is smaller in the tropical Southeastern Indian Ocean.

由于BOM没有考虑透射太阳辐射的物理过程，研究表明透射太阳辐射对北冰洋的能量收支起到重要作用，因此在BOM模式中引入了对透射太阳辐射的处理；通过对不同水道反照率的数值试验表明海冰厚度对水道反照率的敏感性不强，可能与海冰区水道面积占的比率很小有关；而模式模拟的北极海冰夏季&过度融化&主要源于NCEP再分析资料提供了偏大的太阳短波辐射；对北极海冰的气候变率进行了模拟研究，结果表明：模拟的海冰厚度变化与潜艇探测的海冰吃深度变化具有一致性；模拟和观测的亚欧大陆沿海的年内最大海冰厚度有很好的相关；模拟的海冰移速与长期平均的卫星反演的海冰移速具有相同的速度分布特征；模拟的各个海区海冰面积的变化趋势与卫星反演资料分析的结果基本一致；模拟与观测的主要海洋分区的海冰密集度具有很好的相关：弗瑞姆海峡的海冰体积和面积的输送涉及到海冰密集度、厚度和移动速度，是判断模式模拟能力的一个综合的指标，模式模拟的结果与卫星反演或重建的面积输送、体积输送具有很好的一致性；(5)分析了模拟的北极海冰厚度的气候变率及气候平均表层海流场，结果表明：北极海冰的总体积有显著减少的趋势，北极海冰总体积的变化具有10a际尺度振荡的特点，存在18-20a和12-13a两个主周期；北极海冰的平均厚度在各个海区的变化趋势不同，在巴伦支—喀拉海和巴芬湾—拉布拉多海地区海冰厚度有显著的增加趋势，而其它海区存在减少的趋势；通过对模拟的气候平均表层海流的分析表明，北极河流流量超前弗瑞姆海峡海冰流量7-10年的特征时间尺度与表层海流的气候分布存在着必然联系：(6)利用模拟结果以及中国降水、气温和热带关键区SST资料，讨论了北极各海区海冰平均厚度与中国降水、气温以及热带关键区SST的关系，结果表明：在北极中心海区和楚科奇—波弗特海海冰厚度偏大，在巴伦支—喀拉海以及巴芬湾—拉布拉多海海冰厚度偏小，则中国降水在华南地区、青藏高原和东北北部降水偏少，反之相反；在北极中心海区、东西伯利亚海、楚科奇—波弗特海以及格陵兰海海冰厚度偏小，在巴芬湾—拉布拉多海海冰厚度偏大，则在中国东北地区、高原南部地区和海南岛附近气温偏低，反之相反；另外，北极楚科奇—波弗特海和巴芬湾—拉布拉多海海冰厚度偏大时，在热带中东太平洋海温偏高，而在热带东南印度洋海温偏低。

Devices intended to emit ionising radiation must be designed and manufactured in such a way as to ensure that, where practicable, the quantity, geometry and quality of radiation emitted can be varied and controlled taking into account the intended use.

11.5 电离辐射释放电离辐射的装置的设计及制造再可行时应基于装置的目的确保释放出辐射的数量。几何性质及质量可以被改变和控制。

Both UV-A and UV-B irradiation induced DNA damage in mesophylls. The level of DNA damage was much higher in younger than mature leaves, which indicates that young leaves are more sensitive to UV-B radiation than mature leaves.

彗星检测结果表明，九里香叶片DNA的损伤程度与UV-B辐射的剂量呈正相关；在相同UV-B辐射剂量下，九里香幼嫩叶片比成熟叶片的DNA损伤量大，表明其幼嫩叶片对UV-B辐射的敏感性比成熟叶片高。

The amplifier is characterised by the optical radiation generating means (10, 11) being wavelength tuneable and means (5) for measuring the power of the radiation components of the WDM radiation after it has propagated along the fibre (3) and has been amplified.

该放大器的特征在于：该光辐射生成装置(10，11)是波长可调谐的，以及在WDM辐射沿着光纤(3)传播并被放大之后，用于测量WDM辐射的辐射分量功率的装置(5)。

Black plastic mulch, the primary color used in vegetable production, absorbs most UV, visible, and infrared wavelengths of incoming radiation and reradiates energy in the form of thermal radiation or long-wavelength infrared radiation.

主要用于蔬菜生产上的黑色塑料薄膜，能够吸收入射光线中的大部分紫外线、可见光和红外线，再以热辐射或长波红外辐射的形式再辐射能量。

Based on the Maxwell equations,the basis principles of Cerenkov Radiation are reviewed, the angle-distributionformulas of Cerenkov Radiation are derived, the experiment principle and layout areintroduced.

文中从麦克斯韦方程组出发，推导了切伦科夫辐射的分布公式，总结了切伦科夫辐射的特征，介绍了切伦科夫辐射进行束流测量的原理与实验布置。

In recent years much attention has been paid to Superradiance because of its high peak power conversion efficiency, so far the devices based on Cherenkov SR regime have been well developed while the research on Cyclotron SR is still in the initial stage.

近年来超辐射现象由于其高峰值功率效率的特点逐渐受到重视，目前，基于契仑柯夫超辐射机理的器件已经发展的比较成熟。相比之下，回旋超辐射的研究则仍然处于起步阶段。

I am sure after a few weeks of adaptation and familiarization I will have no difficulty in functioning on a daily basis in an English speaking society or in participating fully in graduate studies.

在大学的三年的学习生活不仅给予我自身的充实，更重要的是磨练和培养了我较强的自觉能力和严谨，踏实的作风以及不怕困难的精神，对未来充满了信心！

As the first volcanoes erupted, one of the gases that bellowed out was steam.

在第一批火山喷发时，喷出的气体之一就是水蒸汽。