语音学上

Chapter Two Further Study On Two Types of Tone Sandhis Supposed by Traditional Dialectology The further study is relied on the research of F0 and elapsed time, and more phonetic dealing with the original data.

对这一问题的分析将基于论文第一章所论述的上海方言单音节声调和两类变调的声学特性（基频F0和时长两因素），以及在这两个基本声学特性上所作的语音学意义上的对数据的进一步处理。

This dissertation is both a phonetic study and a phonological study on the tones and disyllable words tone sandhis of the Shanghai...

本论文对上海方言声调和变调模式进行语音学和音系学两方面的研究，而音系学研究建立在语音学研究的基础上。

This dissertation is both a phonetic study and a phonological study on the tones and disyllable words tone sandhis of the Shanghai dialect.

本论文对上海方言声调和变调模式进行语音学和音系学两方面的研究，而音系学研究建立在语音学研究的基础上。

We can take two sounds which are phonetically quite distinct,but which phonologically can be shown to be two versions of the same one basic entity.

我们针对两个在语音学上发音不同的声音，但是按照音韵学可能是同一个形式的2个版本。

According to the degrees of PSC they have,Shanghai-accented Mandarin interlanguage are classified into four stages as elementary ,intermediate ,intermediate-advanced and advanced.Then the phonologies of Standard Mandarin and Shanghai-accented Mandarin interlanguage are compared in order to find out the phonological differences between these two dialects. Based on the statistical results, the writer chooses ten typical kinds of pronunciation errors of finals according to the rates of pronunciation errors of finals on stages.Then, the phonetic level analysis is made on them for the four stages respectively. Furthermore, acoustic features of vowels, diphthongs, triphthongs and vowels with nasal endings are analysized and compared by plotting vowel charts and formant patterns for them. Finally, the writer gets some preliminary results of the typical pronunciation errors of finals during the whole process of Shanghai-accented Mandarin interlanguage and on the stages of it respectively.

本文结合当前这种实际研究和应用的需要，以上海地区普通话过渡语为考察对象，从韵母发音偏误入手，借鉴第二语言习得研究中偏误分析和中介语研究的相关理论，采用实验语音学的方法，随机选取了80位上海地区不同普通话水平等级的应试人的应试录音和试卷作为本研究使用的语料，并将其分别对应于上海地区普通话过渡语的四个阶段，重点考察这80位处于不同阶段的应试人在测试的读单字部分的韵母发音偏误现象，通过对各阶段所有应试人的各类韵母发音偏误出现率的统计分析，展示出上海地区普通话学习者在韵母习得方面产生的偏误在过渡语各个阶段上的分布特点及趋势；再根据各阶段各韵母发音偏误率的统计结果，选取各阶段共同具有的十类主要的韵母发音偏误，分别绘制过渡语各阶段的偏误音声学元音舌位图或共振峰模式图，并与标准普通话中相应韵母的声学元音舌位图或共振峰模式图进行比较，从而展示出上海地区普通话学习者的主要韵母偏误类型在过渡语不同阶段上各自的声学特征、偏离标准音的程度和相关趋势，并从一定程度上反映了这一地区普通话学习者在韵母习得方面的能力发展轨迹，为普通话教学及培训中如何提高教学效率问题提供一定的参考依据，也为普通话水平测试各等级标准声学特征的建立，乃至为将来测试的计算机化提供了可靠的声学参数。

Course content includes an introduction to articulatory phonetics, and a brief sketch of the vowels, consonants, and supramentals in the two languages. Special focus will be placed on the specific phonetic features in each language which often constitute problems for learners in the process of language acquisition.

课程内容包括发音语音学简介、英语及华语语音结构概述及其语音特质，以及语音习得上呈现的问题与困难。

Methods: Five patients with parkinsonism or dystonia were assigned to general anesthesia using an modified endotracheal tube.

本实验依照人体实验之相关规定进行，五位患有帕金森氏症或肌张力异常的病人接受神经立体定位手术。

If you can benefit from this book, it is our honour.

如果您能从本书获益，这将是我们的荣幸。