称呼语

It was found that structural models of a swearing discourse possess 3 parts: the swearing appellation, the contumelious special swearing expression, and the auxiliary statement of swearing cause. Then 30 odd pragmatic functions were reported in the study that strongly display their competences in helping people, as those in Dream of the Red Chamber, to express their subtle feelings to the full in intricate situations and under complex mentality. Meanwhile, 4 pragmatic parameters were discovered in this analysis of data: the sex character of swearing explaining how sex as a pragmatic factor influences the speech act of swearing; the socio-cultural character of swearing which demonstrates how 8 aspects of socio-cultural elements affect the realization of swearing in English and Chinese; the courtesy character of swearing, and the psycho-cognitive character of swearing. Finally in terms of the responding strategies of swearing and their effects, the study evidenced that many strategies were used and that 3 possible types of effects were produced when confronting swearing: no response, expectant moderate response, and excessive response.

本文发现：詈骂言语行为的话语结构模式主要包括三部分，即詈骂性称呼语、侮辱性专门詈骂语和辅助性詈骂原因陈述；詈骂言语行为的语用功能，具体表现为30 多种，因而能够表达人们的复杂情感，《红楼梦》也借以淋漓尽致地表现各种人物的性格、心理和喜怒哀乐；构成詈骂言语行为的语用参数主要有四种，即詈骂的性别特征、詈骂的社会文化特征、詈骂的礼貌特征、詈骂的心理认知特征；人们在应对詈骂言语行为的时候，通常采用若干策略，产生三种可能的作用力，即不给予反应、预期的适度反应和过度反应。

Contains a salutation or greeting prefixed to a foreword, dedicatory epistle, or other division of a text, or the salutation in the closing of a letter, preface, etc.

包含在序言、献词、或其他文本区段开头的称呼语或问候语，或是信件、引言等结尾处的致意词。

Introduction In Chinese and Japanese, the use of form personal pronoun has a big difference.

因此，无论汉语还是日语中，都存在着很多"称呼语"，根据和对方的关系不同，使用"称呼语"也是有差别的。

Those pragmatic functions of form of address,such as its social deictic function,the politeness markedness function,and its essential functions in the conversational analysis have attached much more significance to literature and linguistics as well.

这种称呼语的语用功能，比如其社会指示功能，礼貌标记功能，及在会话结构的分析中所起到的作用对于语言学和文学研究的结合有着重要的意义。

The nonreciprocal use of endearment terms for women is a reflection of sexism in address forms. Women are often called by saccharine and food imagery terms, which is another aspect of sexism.

另外称呼语中也存在着性别歧视现象，男子对女子的不对称使用爱称，女子常被以食品、糖类的名称称呼，就是一种性别歧视现象。

At present, There are greatly divaricates about the boundary of the appellation in modern Chinese. Above all, this article definitude the connotation and the extension. In the second part, the article particularly expatiate the five kinds of the titles on the base of the boundary. In the third part, on the base of sorts the article searches the combination rule of every kind of titles and the relation of combination.

第二部分在称呼语界定的基础上，对各类称呼语进行了分类阐述，将称呼语分为五类，并在此基础上进而划分小类，力求对每类称呼语进行详尽阐述，第三部分则在分类的基础上探求各类称呼语的组合规律，探讨了四类称呼语的组合关系。

The paper analyzes the speech acts performed by the shift of person deixis and vocatives by linking the pragmatic theory of speech acts.

通过联系语用学的言语行为理论，分析了人称指示语的活用和称呼语的变换所实施的言语行为。

Being a case of code-switching in the broad sense, shifting of vocatives should be regarded as one kind of linguistic choice or pragmatic strategy.

称呼语转换，作为广义语码转换(code-switching)的一个部分，应视为一种言语选择或曰语用策略。

It is indeed the product of various countries' culture, so its application is determined by cultural factors. The paper can be divided into three parts, the first part reviews Leech politeness principle and it's advantage and disadvantage, then it discusses its cultural characteristics by using contrastive analysis method to analyze cultural origins and decisiveness of politeness principle. Then it explains cultural decisiveness of the politeness principle by introducing Chinese politeness criteria, Examples on vocatives, terms of humility and honorifics, taboos and euphemism are also given to further illustrate this point. Finally it proposes the conclusion: we should learn more about politeness principle and its cultural characteristics and raise people's consciousness on this issue so as to help people successfully in cross-cultural communication.

全文主要分为三部分，第一部分回顾了Leech的礼貌原则的内容并对礼貌原则的合理之处和不足之处进行了分析；然后采用了对比分析的方法，从礼貌的文化渊源和礼貌的文化决定性来讨论礼貌的文化特性；接着引入顾曰国的汉语礼貌准则，以及从称呼语、恭维自谦语、禁忌委婉语方面举例来说明礼貌原则具有文化决定性；最后提出结论：应对礼貌原则及其文化特性进行研究以此提高人们的跨文化意识，促进跨文化交际的顺利进行。

Close relationship between our social attributes, social beliefs and culture, political background, customs can be reflected.

然而称呼语不仅是语法单位，而且还是言语交际单位和语用单位，他强烈的反映出人的社会属性，人际关系的价值观念，与整个社会文化、政治背景、传统习惯密切相关。

Means the parent directory, so this command means to execute "toolchain.sh," which is in the current directory.

代表父目录，所以这个命令就是执行当前目录下的"toolchain.sh"。

Yes,In fact,I'm on our city ream.

是的。事实上我是我们市队的。