电动的

Structure form adopts converse triangle beam double-hole connection welded by general electric trolley wall plate and steel plate, connection shaft, triangle beam bottom is connected with girder by nut and thrust bearing, triangle beam could rotate 360 degrees horizontally, thus realize whole set electric trolley horizontal rotation, largely reduce curve track curvature radius of electric hoist traveling mechanism.

描述： 结构形式采取通用电动小车墙板与一个钢板和连接轴组焊的倒三角形吊梁双孔连接，三角吊梁下面通过螺母及推力轴承与一个横梁连接，三角吊梁相对横梁可在水平方向做360度旋转，从而实现电动小车的整体水平方向转动，大大减小了电动葫芦运行机构弧形轨道曲率半径。

ABSTRACT Aiming at problems of trans-vector controller in a vehicle-carried induction motor such as variable rotor and stator resistance following motor temperature, and their inductance varying with flux saturation degrees. Firstly, CSI and VSI are introduced, for CSI, it can hold the advantages both FOC and DTC using stator flux directional, PI parameter and simulation are also introduced. Secondly, equations of IM in the synchronous rotary frame and its static counterpart, as figuring in the saturation condition of magnetic field, are dealt in this paper and the simulation results are presented. Thereafter, the parameter designing of PI trans-vector controller is processed, which features the non-linear model. In practical realization, as neglecting the dynamical change of motor inductance, this paper employs online modification of inductance parameters, according to the flux saturation, then transforms the non-linear equations into linear ones, and so compacts the structure of controller. Thirdly, in view of the maximum torque output is extraordinary requisite when Electrical Vehicle start up, accelerate, and overtake, this paper issues the maximum torque when both inverter and battery capacity is corporeally definite. Fourthly, on-line differentiating and analyzing both rotor's time constants and its flux by using the expanding order reduction and discrete Kalman filter equation are fathomed, in order to realize high-performance trans-vector algorithm, and also the simulation results are presented. Fifthly, the close-loop regenerative brake system, when the EV's torque is set constant, is deduced; at the same time, unification of electric drive model and brake model is executed. Combined with maximum charge current demands, the mathematical model for online yielding torque as a demand.

本论文针对车载异步电机在矢量控制器所遇到的问题：定转子电阻随温度变化及随电机饱和程度变化的转子电感及定子电感而影响电机调速性能提出一套完整的解决方案：分析了电流型逆变器和电压型逆变器在实现矢量控制时控制器参数的计算，分析出对于电流型逆变器在采用定子磁场定向时，其性能同时具有矢量控制和直接转矩控制两者的优势，并对电压型逆变器在转子磁场定向下的模型进行了仿真研究；建立异步电机非线性模型，推导出考虑磁饱和时异步电机在同步旋转坐标系及静止坐标系下的方程，并做出了仿真结果，建立异步电机在非线性模型下的矢量控制调节器的PI参数设计，在实际应用中，若忽略电机电感的动态变化，可以根据当前的磁路饱和状态而在线修正电感参数，从而将非线性方程线性化，降低控制器的复杂度；考虑到电动汽车在起动和加速超车时需要电机有最大转矩输出，本文讨论在逆变器容量一定和电池供电能力有限的情况下电机最大转矩输出问题；推导了异步电机扩展降阶、离散卡尔曼滤波方程在线辨识转子时间常数和转子磁通，用于实现高性能的矢量控制算法，并给出了仿真结果；推导出了电动汽车恒转矩给定的闭环回馈制动系统，实现了电动控制模型和制动模型的统一，而且结合铅酸电池最大充电电流的要求，为制动转矩在线给定建立了数学模型；设计了基于双DSP系统的高性能矢量控制器软硬件框图，并以大量实验数据说明矢量控制在电动汽车应用的实际应用状况。

Beijing hung Electric Vehicle Co., Ltd. is a master of domestic electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicle design and production of one of the manufacturers, the main design and manufacture of environmental protection, safety, energy-efficient new electric vehicles, currently has a tourist vehicles, car clubs, golf carts, flatbed, tractor and so on 5 big series more than 30 varieties.

北京鸿马斯特电动汽车有限公司是国内电动汽车、混合动力汽车设计和生产的厂家之一，主要设计和生产环保、安全、节能的新型电动汽车，目前已形成旅游观光车、会所用车、高尔夫球车、平板车、牵引车等5大系列30多个品种。

The possible mechanisms that the power system of electric vehicles hurts passengers were analyzed in the paper, including electric injury, chemical injury, burning injury, and etc. The reasons that cause these injuries were analyzed in detail. The safety characteristics of the batteries that electric vehicle is in common use, such as excide battery, MH-Ni battery, Li+ battery, and fuel battery, are researched.

本文重点分析了电动汽车动力系统可能对乘员产生的各种伤害，包括电动汽车的电伤害、电动汽车电池的燃烧爆炸伤害、电池电解液的泄漏和电池有害气体释放引发的伤害等方面，具体分析了它们产生的原因和可能引起的后果；研究了电动汽车几种常用动力电池的安全特性，包括铅酸电池、镍氢电池、锂离子电池和燃料电池，以及它们各自可能存在的安全隐患和产生安全问题的机理。

An EV, a series HEV, a parallel HEV, and a conventional internal combustion engine driven drive train have been designed using the simulation package. Simulation results such as fuel consumption, vehicle emissions, and complexity are compared and discussed for each vehicle.

电动汽车、串联混合动力电动汽车、并联混合动力电动汽车以及传统的内燃发动机驱动系统都采用此仿真包进行设计，并对每一类车的仿真结果如燃油经济性、车辆排放以及复杂性进行了对比和讨论。

Mr. Stempel believes in the idea of electric-drive cars -- he uses the term 'electric drive' to encompass both all-electric systems and plug-in hybrids.

施佩尔是电动汽车的支持者──他的&电动&概念包括了纯电动系统以及油电混合系统。

Building Products: fan coil digital LCD temperature controller, mechanical temperature control panel, electronic temperature control switch, three-speed switch, fan-coil electric two-way valve (three-way valve) and matching drives, proportional-integral regulation of electric valves, electric actuators, pressure side of the control-way valve, temperature and humidity sensors, electrical valve drive, pressure controllers, pressure sensors, pressure switches, gas flow switches, liquid flow switches, network control unit and related software, direct digital controller, communication modules, expansion modules, such as air-conditioning control products, inverter device control products; with Honeywell,×é, Siemens AG, Johnson, etc. from multiple vendors and agents set up a good relationship of cooperation; Security Equipment: Card, canteen consumption machine, access control systems, attendance punch card machines, parking, smart key counters, video intercom doorbell, hotel lock, the types of RF cards, shaped cards, business card printing produced; network equipment: routers, switches, group telephone, wire and cable materials such as sales; with CISCO, Huawei-3COM,, INTEL, D-LINK, Paul, NEC, SAMSUNG multiple vendors, such as set up a good relationship of cooperation, to become special agents; company by selling products ranging from consulting, purchasing, installation, after-sale tracking security services; company to "innovative, pragmatic, enterprising" as the forward power enterprises; always adhering to the "to perfection ---- Switch TO Perfection" design philosophy, the "customer first" as our business purpose.

楼宇设备产品：风机盘管液晶数显温控器、机械式温控面板、电子温控开关、三速开关、风机盘管电动二通阀及配套驱动器、比例积分调节电动阀、电动执行器、压差旁控制通阀、温湿度传感器、电动风阀驱动器、压力控制器、压差传感器、压差开关、气体流量开关、液体流量开关、网络控制单元及相关软件、直接数字控制器、通讯模块、扩展模块等空调控制产品、变频器设备控制产品；与霍尼韦尔、卓灵、西门子、江森等多家厂商及代理商建立了良好的合作关系；安防设备：一卡通、食堂消费机、门禁系统、打卡考勤机、停车场、智能钥匙柜、可视对讲门铃、酒店锁、各种射频卡、异型卡、证卡制作印刷业务；网络设备：路由器、交换机、集团电话、电线电缆等材料的销售；与CISCO、华为3COM、、INTEL、D-LINK、国威、NEC、SAMSUNG等多家厂商建立了良好的合作关系，成为特约代理商；公司对所销售产品提供从咨询、选购、安装、售后的全程跟踪保障服务；公司以&创新、求实、进取&作为企业的前进动力；始终秉承&至臻完美----Switch TO Perfection&的设计理念，把&用户至上&作为我们的经营宗旨。

In order to study the differences between oilfueled automotive and electric vehicle,explore the design methods and correlative techniques of electric vehicle,an oil-fueled passenger car was reform ed to a electric vehicle.

为了研究燃油汽车与纯电动汽车之间的异同点，探索纯电动汽车的设计方法及其相关技术，将一辆轻型客车改制为纯电动试验车。

Companies with the production of bicycles, electric bicycle frame and paint capabilities, designed, the successful development of the Quality Inspection Center in Henan Province bike testing, to the domestic advanced level of the various models of electric tricycles, people with electric tricycle, Disability hand-cranked tricycles, and other products.

公司具备生产各种自行车、电动自行车车架和烤漆能力，经过精心设计，现成功开发出经河南省自行车质量检测中心检测，达到国内先进水平的各种款式的电动三轮车、残疾人电动三轮车、残疾手摇三轮车等产品。

Is a power tool to focus the design, manufacture and sale of the manufacturing enterprise, the company strictly in accordance with ISO9001: 2000 quality management system operation in the production process, the whole process of product quality control, the use of a sound work installed with a full range of technology to guarantee that is the first approved by the Department of Commerce export Europe and the United States, Japan and other countries of the enterprises, Li Wang—based resource integration of globalization, the internationalization of the operation team, ahead of the process design and perfect after—sale system , developed a truly international quality of the water and electricity installation of automatic slotting machine, a special impact on an electric drill, universal cutting machine, such as conventional power tools, which have a milestone, a revolutionary for carrying the tripod — the deep water and electricity automatic slotting machine global users, as a global market for electric tools manufacturers, our hearts with gratitude Wang, honored to return to China, to return to their homes, because China is the birthplace of China has the world's largest market, China is the real you.

湘潭力王电动工具制造有限公司是一家专注电动工具设计，制造，销售的制造企业，公司严格按照ISO9001：2000质量管理体系运作，在生产过程中，对产品进行全过程质量控制，采用完善的工装机具进行全方位的工艺保证，是国内首批经商务部批准出口欧美、日本等国的企业，力王立足全球化资源整合，国际化的营运团队，超前的工艺设计，完善的售后系统，开发出了真正具有国际品质的水电安装自动开槽机，特殊冲击电钻，万能切割机等常规电动工具，其中具有里程碑式，革命性的扛鼎之作——水电自动开槽机深受全球用户欢迎，作为全球电动工具市场的主要生产商，力王怀着感恩之心，无上光荣回到中国，回到自己的家，因为中国是发源地，中国拥有世界上最大的市场，中国是真正的大家。

Methods: Five patients with parkinsonism or dystonia were assigned to general anesthesia using an modified endotracheal tube.

本实验依照人体实验之相关规定进行，五位患有帕金森氏症或肌张力异常的病人接受神经立体定位手术。

If you can benefit from this book, it is our honour.

如果您能从本书获益，这将是我们的荣幸。