焊缝

The design of the seam tracking sensor is the key work in the realization of the welding automatization. A novel touch photoelectric sensor for seam tracking was designed on the base of getting over the shortcoming of non-touch seam tracking sensor and using the principle of the photovoltaic translation. The idler pulley can touch the seam closely, then the sensor can realize the auto-tracking by the oriented function of the groove. If the offset of the idler pulley location appear, the sensor can change the offset to the voltage using the cell of the photovoltaic translation and the cell of signal processing.

焊缝跟踪传感器的设计是焊接自动化实现过程的重要环节，在此克服非接触式焊接跟踪传感器易受干扰的缺点，利用光电转化的原理，设计了一种新颖的接触式光电焊缝跟踪传感器，该传感器利用特制导轮与坡口紧密接触，依靠坡口的机械导向作用实现焊缝自动跟踪，当导轮位置发生偏移，利用光电转换单元以及信号处理单元，可将偏移位移转化为模拟电压量。

The methods of adaptive median filter, variance ratio of interclass and intraclass segmentation, and mathematical morphology were used to decrease the noise of original welded seam image, to extract welded seam region, and to carry on high frequency enhancement transformation for the interior of extracted welded seam with frequency range sharpening.

利用自适应中值滤波方法和类间、类内方差比分割法及数学形态学方法对原始焊缝图像进行降噪和提取焊缝区域，并对提取的焊缝内部进行频域锐化的高频加强变换。

Simulation results indicated that the adaptive median filtering effectively removes noise, and maintain the details of welded seam and defection edge; the variance ratio of interclass and intraclass segmentation could accurately distinguished between the welded seam metal and the base metal together with mathematical morphology method; high frequency enhancement extrudes the welded seam center, consequently defects would be detected.

仿真结果表明自适应中值滤波能够有效去除噪声，并保持焊缝和缺陷的边缘细节；类间、类内方差比分割方法与数学形态学方法并用，能准确的将图像分割为焊缝与母材区域；高频加强变换能够使焊缝中心部位突显出来，从而实现缺陷的检测。

Checking calculation for the flexural intensity and rigidity of welding seam between the shaft internode,and then the specific requirements for the thickness and the quality of the welding seam are provided.

3从理论上对井壁节间焊缝的抗弯强度和刚度进行了验算，并对井壁节间焊缝的厚度和焊缝质量等提出了具体要求。

The testing results suggests that the increase of H2S concentration will raise the brittleness coefficient, leading to the decrease of corrosion resistance for either X70 base metals or welding joints. Meanwhile, the results reveals that effect of H2S concentration on X70 base metals and welding joints is different: the influence of H2S concentration on welding joints'SSCC is bigger than on base metals'SSCC.

揭示了随着硫化氢浓度的增加，国产X70管线钢及其焊接接头的脆性系数增加，抗腐蚀能力减弱；硫化氢浓度对国产X70管线钢母材和焊缝的SSCC性能有着不同程度的影响：在相同的试验条件下，焊缝的脆性系数显著大于母材的脆性系数，即焊缝较母材的SSCC敏感性大。

Weld line is the key part of ERW steel pipe because the impact toughness of its raw material is multiple times higher than that of seamless steel pipes. The impact energy of weld line can reach 60% of the raw material by controlling impurity content in raw material, the height and direction of the burr, mold border shape, welding leg, welding speed, heating power and frequency, welding extrusion capacity, the depth and temperature of intermediate frequency, as well as air-cooled length. Seamlessness can be realized if further optimization methods are adopted.

由于ERW钢管母材的冲击韧性数倍于无缝钢管，焊缝处的冲击韧性是ERW钢管的关键，通过控制原材料杂质含量、纵剪毛刺高度与方向、成型边部形态、焊角、焊接速度、加热功率与频率、焊接挤压量、中频退伙温度与深度、空冷段长度等工艺参数保证了焊缝的冲击功达到母材的60%以上，如进一步优化，可实现焊缝冲击功接近母材，从而实现性能无缝化。

Strip beam method and CCD optical sensor is used in this system.

系统采用条形光传感方法，选用CCD 等光学器件组成焊缝图像传感系统，然后将获取的焊缝图形信息进行识别处理，获得焊接电弧与焊缝中心是否偏离、偏离方向和偏离程度的处理结果。

Because of having surplus weld reinforcement height and irregular seam form as well as the influences of polyethylene raw materials and coating process, the quality problems of ununiformity in thickness of 3PE coating and coating thickness reduction on helical seam occur.

由于螺旋埋弧焊管存在焊缝余高超高和焊缝形貌不规整等现象，加之聚乙烯原材料及涂敷工艺等因素的影响，会使三层PE防腐涂层出现涂层厚度不均、焊缝处涂层减薄等质量问题。

The residual stress σ〓 in the weld center is always as high as the yield strength σ〓 for both the strength undermatching and overmatching when the yield strengthσ〓 is lower.

母材屈服强度σ〓较低时，如低碳钢，低强匹配（焊缝屈服强度σ〓＜母材屈服强度σ〓）和高强匹配时焊缝中心纵向残余应力σ〓均能达到焊缝屈服强度σ〓。

Seam welded C276 alloy heat exchanger tubing to UNS N10276 is allowed providing the tube weld is not peened or bead worked, but the whole tube in both weld and base metal is cold drawn, bright annealed and passivated and is to ASTM B626 Class III specification.

如果管子焊缝不是peened or bead worked，则使用焊缝缝焊接式C276合金换热管(UNS N10276)是允许的，但是焊缝和基金属上的整个管子是冷拔的、光亮退火和钝化的，并应符合规范ASTM B626 Class III上的规定。

Methods: Five patients with parkinsonism or dystonia were assigned to general anesthesia using an modified endotracheal tube.

本实验依照人体实验之相关规定进行，五位患有帕金森氏症或肌张力异常的病人接受神经立体定位手术。

If you can benefit from this book, it is our honour.

如果您能从本书获益，这将是我们的荣幸。