最大似然法

The results showed that:(1) we can mapping quantitative trait locus while estimating the variance component of QTL;(2) granddaughter design is better than daughter design when mapping QTL;(3) it is easy to map a QTL for trait with a high heriability and a large QTL variance contribution;(4) we can estimate the variance component of a QTL by TM-BLUP based on ML method whether the QTL has only 2 alleles or QTL has normal distributed alleles effects;(5) the estimation accuracy of variance component contributed by QTL was improved by using of grand daughter design;(6) the higher the heritability and the QTL variance contribution was, the more accurate estimation of QTL variance component.

结果表明：（1）采用随机QTL效应模型和最大似然法，在估计QTL方差组分的同时，能够定位QTL；（2）孙女设计与女儿设计相比，在其它因素相同时，容易检出QTL；（3）遗传力高，QTL方差贡献较大的性状，QTL检出的效果优于遗传力低，QTL方差贡献较小的性状；（4）无论QTL上有2个等位基因，还是QTL上等位基因的效应服从正态分布，都可将其看作随机效应，采用基于TM-BLUP的ML法，估计其方差组分和定位QTL；（5）QTL方差组分估计的准确性，孙女设计高于女儿设计；（6）遗传力高的性状，QTL方差贡献大的QTL，QTL方差组分估计的准确性高。

The following conclusions have been made in this paper.(1) Based on CO_2 flux data of eddy covariance, variation characteristics of gross primary productivity in four flux observation stations were studied, which are an alpine meadow, an alpine shrub meadow, a swamp alpine meadow and a steppe alpine meadow at Dongxiong. The results show that photosynthetic capacity of the alpine meadow is the highest, and the annual total GPP is 652.2g C/m~2. Daily-differencing approach is used to analyze the random error of CO_2 fluxes measurements. The results show that the distribution of random error follows more closely follows a double-exponential, rather than a normal distribution, capturing the high peak and thick tail, and the random error varies with environment variables, which violates the assumptions for the ordinary least squares fitting with normality and homoscedasticity, consequently, we introduce maximum likelihood method for parameter optimization.

本文主要在以下几个方面开展工作并获得了一些认知和结论：(1)通过分析样带区域内高寒草甸、高寒灌丛、沼泽化湿地和草原化高寒草甸四个通量观测站点草地生态系统总初级生产力变化特征，研究结果表明HBBT矮嵩草草甸生态系统植被光合作用能力较强，年GPP总量为652.2 gC/m~2，明显高于其他三种生态系统；通过利用"单塔日变化法"获得四站点通量观测数据随机误差，结果表明通量观测随机误差概率分布呈现尖峰厚尾的特征，与正态分布相比，更服从双边指数分布，进一步分析表明通量观测随机误差随环境变量(风速、温度和光合有效辐射)的变化而变化，这违背了普通最小二乘法进行生态过程模型参数优化正态分布且误差同质的假设，因此本研究中引入最大似然法进行生态过程模型参数优化。

Molecular phylogenetic tree supported that Viverrine was polyphyletic, and implied spotted linsang perhaps was basal and mostly specified to other Viverridae species in China.

使用邻接法、最大似然法重建的分子系统树显示：斑林狸从灵猫亚科中分离出来，支持灵猫亚科的多系起源，而且斑林狸可能是中国起源最早且最特化的灵猫科动物。

Two objects functions were deduced, which of the maximum likelihood method and the conventional Bayes'method, with the application of principle of maximum entropy.

论文应用最大熵原理推导了最大似然法和传统贝叶斯法的准则函数，从信息论的角度为这两种反演分析方法的发展开拓了更广阔的应用空间。

It performs neighbor-joining, parsimony and maximum likelihood methods and bootstrap with any of them.

其可运用邻接法、简约法、最大似然法和自助法。

The methods of constructing phylogenetic trees include the distance2based methods , parsimony , maximum likelihood , and Bayesian inference methods.

构建系统树的方法有距离法、简约法、最大似然法以及贝叶斯推断法等。

In the present study, mitochondrial 12S, 16S and nuclear 18S, 28S rDNA fragments of ten species of spiders were amplified and sequenced. Using neighbor-joining, maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood methods and Bayesian analyses, the phylogenetic relationship between Deinopoidea and Araneoidea was inferred from the combined DNA sequences of 12S, 16S, 18S and 28S rDNA fragments. The resulting phylogeny indicated that: Deinopoidea and Araneoidea did not form single clade.

本文首先测定了包括复杂生殖器类中妖面蛛总科、园蛛总科和非圆网蛛类等3个类群在内的9科10种蜘蛛线粒体12S rDNA、16S rDNA及核18S rDNA、28S rDNA等4个基因片段序列，并基于4个基因序列的整合数据，分别通过邻接法、最大简约法、最大似然法和贝叶斯法分析，对园蛛总科和妖面蛛总科蜘蛛之间的分子系统关系进行了探讨。

By this way,spectral angle is used to classify image as a feature.The experimental classification is carried out and the results show that the classific...

通过实验，并与最大似然法和光谱角匹配法分类结果进行比较，结果表明，结合光谱角的最大似然分类法的分类精度得到提高。

Internal transcribed sequences of ribosomal DNA of 36 species wereanalyzed to reconstruct the phologeny of Heracleum and its related genera using themaximum parsimony, neighboring-joint and maximum likelihood methods inPAUP4.0b10, respectively.

选取独活属7种植物测取核rDNA中的ITS基因序列，结合GenBank已有的本属5种和邻近属24种植物的ITS序列，用PAUP4.0b10软件中的最大简约法、邻接法和最大似然法分别进行分析，从而对独活属及其近属进行了系统发育重建。

Phylogenetic trees for the CXCR4 gene sequences constructed by using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and distance method are similar except branch pattern within the New World Monkey lineage.

通过对基于最简约法、最大似然法、距离法构建的CXCR4基因树的比较分析表明，利用Gamma距离法重建灵长类CXCR4基因树的准确性可能更高。

Cynanchum Lingtai apricot production in the average weight 65 grams, the brightly-colored fruit, juicy rich, sweet-sour taste, sweet from the nucleolus, when the late Qing Dynasty famous Shaanxi, Gansu provinces, the Qing imperial court Tongzhi tribute for years.

灵台生产的牛心杏平均单果重65克，果实色泽鲜艳，汁多味浓，甜酸适口，离核仁甜，清末时就驰名陕、甘两省，清同治年间曾为朝廷贡品。

Chenopodium album,Solanum nigrum, and Amaranthus retroflexus were very susceptible to the herbicides. Polygonum persicaria and Abutilon theophrasti were relatively less susceptible to the herbicides, and Lycopersicon esculentum was not susceptible to it. The relationship between reduction rates of weed biomass and PPM values of weed leaves 2,4, and 6 days after treatment was established.

供试的6种杂草对该混剂的敏感性存在显著差异：红心藜Chenopodium album、龙葵Solanum nigrum和反枝苋Amaranthus retroflexus对该混剂最敏感，ED90值分别为47.65、71.67和29.17g/hm2；春蓼Polygonum persicaria和苘麻Abutilon theophrasti敏感，ED90值分别为96.91、114.20g/hm2；而番茄不敏感。