底层的

Hence, we first analyzed and studied the kinematics and dynamics of PDC bit, and that are utilized to analyzed how to hame cutters by PDC bit whirlpool. Onthe based of this, we do the cutting experiments. With the test, we not only think over the influence to force actting on cutters in rock nature, drilling parameter, cuttersdensity distributed, and also wear state of cutters and PDC bit appearance. Because the PDC bit's cutters are repeaded by polycrystalline-diamand and tungsten carbide, the specific property of PDC wear are not alike that of polycrystalline-diamand and not alike tungsten carbide.

因此，本文首先分析研究了PDC钻头的运动学和动力学，并利用分析的结果对PDC钻头的涡动是如何损坏切削齿的进行了探讨；在此基础上，进行了PDC钻头切削齿的受力实验，在受力实验研究中，不仅考虑了岩性、钻进参数、布齿密度等对切削齿受力的影响，而且考虑了切削齿不同的磨损状态、钻头的冠部形状对切削齿受力的影响；PDC钻头的切削齿是由聚晶金刚石层和碳化钨底层复合而成的，它的磨损特点既不同于金刚石的磨损又不同于碳化钨的磨损，因此，在分析了复合片磨损机理的基础上，进行了PDC钻头切削齿的磨损实验。

Much public large-scale architecture in Napoleon Era represents the demands of bourgeoisie who emerged as European Industrial Revolution comes forth. In the past hundreds of years, artisan and handicraftsman follow strictly the scale, size, and fussy baroque decoration details that could not meet demands of urban population and new commercial forms. Therewith, Frenchmen started to build Paris stock exchange in 1808 and completed in 1827. With applied and simple architecture form, the apartments were multi-storey aiming at providing enough space for population; the ground floor was store and residence for upper floors. The exterior was capacious footpath and landscaping. The typical is reform of start which is rudiment of modern city.

拿破仑时期兴建的一系列大型公共建筑，代表了由于欧洲的工业革命所诞生的新兴阶层――资产阶级的使用要求，在此之前的几百年中，手工匠和艺人对古典主义中的比例、尺度，繁琐的巴洛克式装饰细节，敬若神明，一贯照袭，因噎废食，必然不能符合日益膨胀的城市人口及新兴商业形式的使用需求，于是法国人在1808年开始修建巴黎证券交易所，到1827年完工，采取了实用的、简单朴素的建筑装饰形态；以及为解决人口问题而兴建的大量多层住宅公寓，其底层为商店，上部为住宅，外围是宽敞的人行道并种有绿化，典型的功能为出发点的变革，其实是现代城市的雏形。

Low temperature ordering of FePt thin films has been achieved by using a thin equiatomic AuCu underlayer.

提出并利用相干生长的多层膜中有序－无序转变过程的彼此关联作用，借助AuCu缓冲层的低温有序化，降低FePt薄膜的有序转变温度200℃以上，为FePt薄膜的低温有序化开劈了一条新途径；制备多层膜，退火形成有序相FePt纳米颗粒分散在Ag基体的复合结构，比FePt/Ag共溅射或合金多层膜方法的退火温度明显降低；通过缓冲层Ta控制FePt的粗糙度和晶界密度，同时界面附近Ta、Pt发生化学反应，两者共同促进薄膜内Pt原子的有效迁移，从而加速FePt有序化；进一步，在Ta和FePt之间插入Bi薄层，强化Ta、Pt的扩散，在更低温度下形成高矫顽力的有序化FePt薄膜且FePt晶粒之间交换作用大大减弱；发现MgO薄膜作底层，可控制与MgO晶粒尺寸大致相当的临界厚度以下的FePt有序化薄膜的（001）取向，同时，MgO和FePt的相对厚度显著影响（001）取向FePt的有序化。

Through designing of composition and structure of the bioactive graded coating,innerstress and its distribution in the coating were analyzed and calculated, the resultsshowed that when composition distribution coefficient n was 1.5, a reasonable stressdistribution could be got, that was at the beginning of deposition the suspension containingrichly BG granules was used so that a rich BG granules layer, a good transitional layerbetween BG layer at the bottom and the coating could be obtained at the titanium alloy side,the bottom of the coating; the stress value near the interface and surface and its character,pressure stress or tensile stress, were decided by the character of its composition itself.Changing composition distribution coefficient n could only change the variation tendency ofstress in the coating, but did not change the stress distribution rule in the coating. Thethinner the coating is, the sharper stress variation in the coating is, which does not mean thatthicker coating is better because the thicker the coating is, the little the permitteddeformation of coating is, so the coating thickness should be thinner, for example, about50μm for bending applications, but for applications only bearing pure shear stress, such asroot of tooth implant, the coating can be thicker little, for instance, about 80～100μm. The study on electrification characteristic and electrophoresis deposition of HAand BG granules in aqueous and non-aqueous solution system found that EPD almost didn'toccur in aqueous solution system. However, because HA granules take position charges inabsolute alcohol, a homogeneous EPD be carried out on the cathode titanium alloy slice, but taking negative charge in absolute alcohol the BG granules not be deposited on the cathode. A guided HA crystallizing, 100～300nm, on surface of the BG granules be realized by metathetical reaction, which cover BG granules with HA microcrystals and make the covered BG granules taking position charges in absolute alcohol, sequentially realize the EPCD of the BG and HA granules on the cathode, so it is feasible to make a titanium alloy/BG/HA bioactive graded coating by making use of EPCD technology. The corrosion experiment of rich boron bioglass coating and plasma spray coating showed that split phase, rich boron and rich silicon phase, occurred during its preparation. In basic medium the corrosion behavior of 〓 BG coating showed uniformity corrosion, the corrosion mostly occurred at rich boron phase area, therefore batch formula design of BGshould avoid the occurring of split phase. The corrosion appearance of plasma spray coatingappeared a non-uniform corrosion, mostly occurred at the edge of the laminated HA moltendrops, and emerged an accelerated corrosion tendency, which will easyly lead to corrosioncrackles extending to the interface and the happening of osmotic interfacial corrosion, thatmay be one of the major reasons leading to the coating cracking-off in the later period. Thetesting results of thermal expansion coefficient of 〓 and 〓BG showed the thermalexpansion coefficient of 〓 BG matched with that of titanium alloy better, and 〓 BG couldsinter with titanium alloy into densification enamel layer at low temperature (720℃).

将Ti6Al4V合金在1000℃下进行真空热处理会降低其力学性能，且合金内的V元素会向表面富集，因此，钛合金真空热处理和表面涂层的烧结温度不能过高，即应低于其相转变点；通过对生物活性梯度涂层的组成和结构的设计，分析和计算了梯度涂层内的应力大小和分布，结果表明：对于本研究，当成分分布系数n=1.5时，可以获得较合理的涂层力学性能，即在沉积开始时，采用富含BG颗粒的悬浮液，以便在钛合金侧获得同底层BG有良好过渡的富BG涂层；梯度涂层界面和表面的应力大小、性质由材料组成本身的性质决定，改变成分分布系数，只能改变涂层内应力变化的趋势；涂层的厚薄不影响涂层内的应力分布规律，但涂层越薄，涂层内的应力变化越快，但这并不意味着涂层越厚越好，因为涂层越厚，涂层允许的变形越小，对于应用于弯曲受力部位的涂层而言，涂层应薄一点为好(50μm)；而对于仅纯受剪切应力的部位，如牙根种植体，涂层可适当加厚(80～100μm)；通过对HA和BG颗粒在水溶液体系和非水溶液体系中的带电特性和电泳沉积的研究发现，它们在水溶液体系中很难发生电沉积；在无水乙醇溶液中，HA颗粒带正电，可在阴极钛合金片上发生均匀的电泳沉积，而BG颗粒则带负电荷；利用复分解反应法，可以制得100～300nm的HA，通过诱导HA在BG颗粒表面结晶，可对BG颗粒进行表面包覆，获得了被HA包覆的BG颗粒，改变了BG颗粒表面的带电特性，使BG和HA颗粒在无水乙醇中均带上正电荷，从而实现了HA和BG颗粒在阴极上的共沉积。

A process for manufacturing seamless flux-cored welding wires 0.8 to 4 mm in diameter with excellent cracking resistance and primer proof quality and containing very little diffusible hydrogen suited for the welding of high-tensile steels and steel structures subjected to large restraining forces by dehydrogenating by high-temperature heating comprises the steps of heating a straight wire 8-15 mm in diameter by direct electric heating through a first and a second pair of roll electrodes spaced 2 to 5 m apart and a ring transformer disposed therebetween to a temperature between 620 and 1100 degrees Centigrade, cooling the heated wire to a temperature not higher than 500 degrees Centigrade with a coefficient of heat transfer not higher than 250 kcal/m2 h degree Centigrade, and drawing to the desired diameter.

一种用来制造直径0.8至4mm的、具有优异的抗裂缝力和底层涂料防护质量并含有非常少的扩散氢的、适合于焊接高强度钢和承受大约束力的钢结构的无缝药芯焊丝，通过用高温加热进行脱氢处理来制造的工艺包括步骤：通过经布置成相隔2至5m的第一和第二对辊电极并经布置在它们之间的环心变压器的直接电加热，把直径8至15mm的直焊丝加热到620与1100℃之间的温度；用不高于250kcal／m2h℃的传热系数把已加热焊丝冷却到不高于500℃；以及拉伸到想要的直径。

He is the most remarkable man that I have ever known.

他是我知道的人中最值得注意的人。

Increased appearance of lymphocele was noticed in patients with diabetic nephropathy, congenital malformations of the urinary tract, and inflammatory diseases, including glomerulopathy and extraglomerular ones, after high-voltage radiotherapy and after removal of the renal graft.

经过高压放射疗法和切除移植肾后，在糖尿病肾病患者、泌尿系统先天性畸形患者和炎症患者身上发现淋巴囊肿有所增加，包括肾小球病和球外疾病等。