平面度

Autocollimator is a kind of instrument for precise angle measuring, it is predominant in the field of multidimensional and non-contact measurement of tiny angle. It works with the principle of autocollimating and been used in a lot of fields, such as linearity and flatness of precise flat.

中文摘要自准直仪是一种精密角度测量仪器，在实现小角度的多维、非接触测量中具有独特的优点，它利用光学自准直成像的原理来实现在一定范围内测量物体的角度变化量，被广泛应用于导轨平台的直线度、精密平台的平面度等测量领域。

The details as follow: 1.Based on rules about form error in GB, mathematical models of form error are established including straightness error on the base of minimizing zone method、least-squares method and two dots linked method ; flatness error based on minimizing zone method、lease-squares method、diagonal line and three dots method; circularity and cylindricity error based on minimizing zone method、lease-squares method、minimum circumscribed circle and maximum inscribed circle.

具体内容如下：根据国标中形状误差的相关规定建立了各种要素评定方法的数学模型包括：直线度的最小区域法、最小二乘法、两端点连线法；平面度的最小二乘法、最小区域法、对角线法、三远点法；圆度和圆柱度的最小区域法、最小二乘法、最小外接圆法、最大内切圆法。

And an evaluating method for coplanarity is adopted,which is based on least condition principle.

提出一种基于激光跟踪原理对空间点的坐标进行测量，采用"最小条件"法为基础的共面性评价方法，实现了对由多个非连续铅垂面形成大平面的平面度的高精度测量，实际测得共面度为0。

According to the definition of the minimum zone method, the mathematical model is presented for evaluating flatness error and establishing datum plane equation.

分析了常用的近似评定法(三点法、对角线法、最小二乘法等)存在的局限性，根据最小区域法的定义，给出了基准平面方程及平面度误差评定目标函数数学模型的建立方法，并举例说明了采用Matlab进行平面度误差的计算。

The system has avoided the traditional precision guiding rail needed by large area flatness measurement and established a high precision virtual datum plane in computer.

该系统摒弃了传统的大面积工件平面度测量所需要的高精度导轨等实物基准，而是通过在计算机中建立高精度的虚拟基准，达到了对太阳帆板平面度的高精度测量，并对这种特殊的仪器结构所造成的光斑特性进行了分析。

The flatness in the same ideal plane of double separate guide rails can not be measured using the general flatness measuring instrument, but it can be completed using method introduced in this paper (using compensator level and height vernier gauges).

两分离导轨在同一理想平面下的平面度无法使用目前通用的平面度测量仪器进行测量，本文介绍的测量方法（使用自动安平水准仪，高度游标卡尺）可以完成这样的测量任务。

The standard applied modes of geometric flatness in new GPS(geometrical product specification),including the duality principle and common operation technology in new GPS system,and the expression,algorithm,data processing issues of the theoretical,specification and verification model,were investigated.

研究了新一代GPS中几何平面度标准的应用模式，包括新一代GPS体系的对偶性及共性操作技术以及公称、规范和验证模型的表示、算法和数据处理。开发了试验性软件系统，通过可视化方法表示了它们的关系，实现了GPS几何平面度标准在烟机零件中的具体应用。为进一步应用新一代GPS标准以及规范表达产品的设计、制造、检验所要求的统一公差信息提供了较好的借鉴

The major guide rail plane with flatness more than 0.12mm can be measured using this method.

该测量方法可以测量平面度要求不小于0.12mm的大型导轨平面。

Therefore, the processed crystal has a high degree of planar and parallel on the two sides.

因此，加工后的晶体有很高的平面度，且两端面有较高的平行度。

Tz = 2Gk q 即 z = 2Gk q /T 40 Suppose the volume between membrane and the boundary plane is V, and we notice that 2 ∫∫ d x d y = M Then we have Thereby we have q qM V =∫∫ zdxdy =∫∫ dxdy = 2GTk 4GTk M 2 Gk = 2V q /T From τ zx =τ xz =, y z 2Gk τ zx /= y q / T τ z y =τ yz = x 41 Moreover, we get 设薄膜及其边界平面之间的体积为V,并注意到 2 ∫∫ d x d y = M 则有从而有由又可得 q qM V =∫∫ zdxdy =∫∫ dxdy = 2GTk 4GTk M 2 Gk = 2V q /T τ zx =τ xz =, y z 2Gk τ zx /= y q / T τ z y =τ yz = x 42 Adjust the pressure q of which the membrane is under, and make the rights of formulas,, equal to one, then we can gain some conclusions as follows:(1) The stress function of wringed pole equals to the uprightness angle of the membrane (2) The torsion M which wringed pole received equals to two times of the volume between the membrane and the boundary plane.

o b y a x 43 调整薄膜所受的压力q，使得，，三式等号的右边为1，则可得出如下结论：(1)扭杆的应力函数等于薄膜的垂度z。(2)扭杆所受的扭矩M等于该薄膜及其边界平面之间的体积的两倍。

Graf, without question, is the greatest women's player in history.

格拉芙，现在，毫无疑问是女子网坛历史上最伟大的选手。

If not, you will have to look around at all your important data.

如果没有，您将需要检查所有的重要数据。