小花

Inflorescence a single, stiff, 2-sided raceme, spikelets arranged edgeways on, alternate in 2 opposite rows, their inner edges sunk in hollows of the tough rachis. Spikelets laterally compressed, florets several to many, uppermost florets reduced, disarticulating below each floret; glumes leathery; lower glume suppressed except in terminal spikelet and there similar to upper; upper glume abaxial, narrow, persistent, shorter than lemmas to as long as spikelet; lemmas membranous to leathery, rounded on back, 5–9-veined, with or without a subterminal awn; palea usually equal to lemma.

花序一单个，硬，2边的总状花序，小穗侧面压扁，小花数枚到多数，在每小花下面退化，脱节的最上部的小花；颖片革质；压抑的更低的颖片除了在顶生的小穗里和那里类似于上面；背面，狭窄，宿存的上面颖片，短于外稃在倍于小穗；外稃膜质到革质，在背面上圆形，5-9－脉，有或没有一芒；内稃通常等于外稃。

Spikelets laterally compressed, florets several, all bisexual or lowest sterile and without a palea; rachilla glabrous, disarticulating above glumes and sterile floret and between fertile florets; glumes lanceolate, shorter than lemmas, subequal or unequal, scarious-membranous, 1–3-veined, obtuse to acuminate or aristulate; lemmas ovate-lanceolate, scarious-membranous, 3-veined, long-ciliate on lateral veins, keeled, apex setaceously bidentate with a short, often recurved awn from the sinus; palea shorter than lemma, hyaline, keels very shortly ciliate.

小穗侧面压扁，小花数个，全部不育和没有一内稃的最低的两性的或；高于颖片和不结果的小花无毛，脱节的小穗轴和在肥沃的小花之间；披针形的颖片，短于外稃，近等长或不等长，干膜质膜质，1-3脉，具小芒的钝到渐尖或；卵状披针形，干膜质的外稃膜质，3脉，具长缘毛在侧脉上，龙骨状，先端setaceously具双齿具短，通常下弯从那里那些凹缺；内稃短于外稃，透明，龙骨非常短的纤毛。

In this paper, the biological characteristics of florescence, spikelet and inflorescences structure, morphogenesis formation of inflorescence, megasporogenesis and the development of female gametophytes were studied systematically by using anatomy structure, scanning electron microscopic and paraffin section methods. The results were as followed:(1) Phyllostachys praecox was the bamboo flowering fragmentarily; the cultivation changed the characteristic of flowering; the plantlets of flowering were complex and splitted into three kinds: the plantlet flowering before continued flowering; the plantlet flowering before stopped flowering and the plantlet changed into flowering. The inflorescence of Ph. praecox was indefinite inflorescence or called false inflorescence, and actually it was flower stress structure. Its basal unit was pseudospikelet with two kinds: apical spikelet and lateral spikelet. The floret had one lemma, one pelea, three stamens, one pistil and three lodicules.

本研究综合运用形态解剖学、扫描电镜、石蜡切片等技术手段，对雷竹花期生物学特性、小穗与花序构造、花序形态建成过程、大孢子发生与雌配子体发育等进行了较为系统的研究，结果表明：(1)雷竹为零星开花竹种，耕作条件对其开花特性具有重要影响；开花植株类型复杂多样，可以分为以前开过花现在继续开花、以前开过花现在停止开花以及以前未开过花现在转为开花等3种类型；雷竹花序为无限制花序或称&假花序&，实为花枝结构，基本单位为&假小穗&；假小穗有顶生和侧生之分；小花具内外稃各1枚，雄蕊3，雌蕊L，另具3枚大小不等之鳞被。

Inflorescence spikelike, cylindrical, composed of spiny or bristly deciduous burrs arranged along an angular, often sinuous rachis; burrs sessile or with an obconical basal stipe, each composed of 1 or more sessile spikelets surrounded by an involucre of spines and bristles; bristles flexuous or more often spinous,± flattened, grooved on the outer face, united below, the degree of union varying from a small basal disk to a deep cupule, inner spines or bristles often ciliate around spikelets. Spikelets lanceolate, acute; glumes unequal, shorter than spikelet, lower sometimes suppressed; lower floret membranous, staminate or neuter; upper floret firmer, protogynous.

花序穗状，圆筒状，由落叶的毛刺沿着一具角安排的具刺的或具刚毛，通常波状的轴组成；毛刺无梗或具基部的倒锥状柄，每一个由1无梗或更多组成以总苞的刺和刚毛包围；或更多的刚毛曲折通常spinous，多少扁平，在外面上具凹槽，下面的合生，协会的度从一小的基部的花盘变化到一深的壳斗，小穗披针形，锐尖；不等长的颖片，短于小穗，降低有时压抑；更低的小花膜质，雄蕊花的或中性；坚定的上面小花，雌蕊先熟。

Spikelets laterally compressed, lanceolate-oblong, florets several, contiguous; rachilla scaberulous, disarticulating above glumes and between florets; glumes slightly unequal, upper nearly as long as spikelet, firmly membranous, keel scaberulous, apex abruptly acuminate, lower glume 1–3-veined, upper glume 3–5-veined; lemmas broadly lanceolate, thinly leathery, rounded on back, 5–7-veined, veins smooth, not raised, scabrid above middle, apex scarious, usually 3-denticulate, sometimes mucronate; floret callus subacute, bearded laterally with stiff hairs; palea subequal to lemma, narrow, flat, apex sharply 2-denticulate.

小穗侧面压扁，披针形长圆形，小花数个，邻接；小穗轴高于颖片微糙，脱节和在小花之间；颖片稍不等长，上面近等长小穗，坚定膜质，龙骨状，先端突然渐尖，下部颖片1-3，上面颖片3-5－脉；宽披针形的外稃，在背面上薄革质，圆形，5-7－脉，平滑的脉，不凸起，在中部以上，先端，通常3－具小齿，小花结茧稍尖，用硬的头发侧面公然反对；内稃近等长于外稃，缩小，平，顶明显2－具小齿。

Spikelets weakly laterally compressed, florets 2 to several, disarticulating above glumes and between florets; rachilla internodes slender, usually 1/3–1/2 length of lemma; glumes shorter than lowest lemma, 1–3-veined; floret callus truncate, glabrous or bearded; lemmas papery, 3(–5)-veined, glabrous, apex acute; palea almost as long as lemma, keels ciliolate or glabrous.

小穗身体虚弱的侧面压扁，小花2到数枚，高于颖片脱节并且在小花之间；节间纤巧的小穗轴，通常是1/3-1/2段外稃；颖片短于最低的外稃，1-3脉；小花结茧削去，无毛或者被公然反对；纸质的外稃，3(-5)脉，无毛，先端锐尖；几乎的内稃倍于外稃，龙骨具短缘毛的或无毛。

Spikelets large, wedge-shaped, laterally compressed, florets several, rachilla disarticulating above glumes and between florets; glumes subequal, as long as spikelet, membranous or papery,(1–)3–9-veined; floret callus short, obtuse; lemmas herbaceous or papery, 7–9-veined, pilose on margins or all over, apex 2-lobed, lobes acute or extended into slender awns; central awn arising from sinus, flat, column short, strongly twisted, bristle straight or sparsely twisted; palea equal to or shorter than its lemma.

大，楔形的小穗，侧面压扁，小花数个，高于颖片脱节和在小花之间的小穗轴；颖片近等长，倍于小穗，膜质或纸质，(1-)3-9－脉；小花结茧短，愚蠢；外稃草质或纸质，7-9－脉，在边缘或全部上具柔毛越过，2裂的先端，裂片锐尖或延长进纤细；中心的芒生于凹缺，平，柱状的短，强烈扭曲，疏生缠绕的刚毛直的或；内稃等于或者短于它的外稃。

Spikelets laterally compressed, with 2 to several florets, disarticulating above glumes and between florets; rachilla villous; glumes longer than lowest lemma, sometimes as long as spikelet, narrow, membranous, 1-veined; floret callus linear, hairy; lemmas lanceolate to ovate, hyaline, 3–7-veined, villous on back, entire or 2-dentate, awnless or with a terminal awn; palea glabrous or sometimes pilose; female plants with sterile anthers present.

小穗侧面压扁，具到数枚小花，脱节上述颖片和在之间小花；小穗轴具长柔毛；颖片长于最低的外稃，有时倍于小穗，狭窄，膜质，1脉；小花结茧线，有毛；外稃披针形到卵形，透明，3-7－脉，具长柔毛在背面，具牙齿的全缘或2上，或具顶生芒；无毛和有时具柔毛的内稃；雌株具不育花药宿存。

Spikelets dorsally compressed, florets 1 or 2, disarticulating above glumes and between florets, rachilla extension with apical rudimentary floret present; lower glume minute or suppressed; upper glume leathery, appressed to rachis, exceeding and covering the sunken florets, closely 5–12-veined, apex acute to caudately awned; lemma much shorter than upper glume, rounded on back, cartilaginous to hyaline, 3-veined, apex obtuse to acute; palea membranous, usually equal to lemma.

背小穗压扁，小花1或2，脱节高于颖片和在小花，小穗轴扩展具顶端不发育之间宿存；压抑的更低的颖片小或；上面颖片革质，贴伏于轴，超过和包括沉没的小花，接近5-12脉，对具芒caudately先端锐尖；外稃远短于上面颖片，在后面，对透明，3脉，先端钝的到锐尖软骨上绕行；内稃膜，通常等于外稃。

Spikelets with 1 floret (to 3 in Duthiea ), terete or laterally compressed, disarticulating above glumes; rachilla extension usually absent (present in Stephanachne , Sinochasea , and Duthiea ); glumes equaling or longer than floret, persistent, hyaline to membranous, 1–7-veined; floret callus obtuse to pungent; lemma rounded on back, membranous to leathery, firmer than glumes, often indurated at maturity, 3–9-veined, often enclosing palea, apex entire or 2-toothed, awned from apex or between teeth; awn straight or geniculate, glabrous, pubescent or plumose; palea subequal to lemma, hyaline to membranous, usually 2-veined (5–7-veined in Psammochloa ) but not keeled, apex usually acute.

小穗具1小花(对3在Duthiea里)，圆柱状的或侧面压扁，高于颖片脱节；小穗轴扩展通常无(在Stephanachne，Sinochasea 和Duthiea里提出)；颖片等长或更长于小花，宿存，到膜质，1-7脉；对刺激愚蠢的小花结茧；外稃在后面上绕行，膜质到革质，比颖片坚定，芒直或者膝曲，无毛，青春期或者羽状；内稃近等长于外稃，透明的到膜质，通常2脉的(在Psammochloa里的5-7脉)但不是翻转，先端通常厉害。

Life. But the intrinsic way of the Internet by wire confines accessing and using of the network information.

然而，Internet固有的有线连接方式大大限制了人们对网络信息的访问和使用。

I have a strong persuasion that this is true .

我坚信这是正确的。