大火灾

Base on the risk analyses on popular and fire-prone appliances such as air conditioner, refrigerator, washer, television and water heater, etc., results from research by experts world-wide together with our own experience of investigating fire accidents, this paper reviews and presents research results on causes of fire and the investigation methods. We propose several major factors which lead to most of the accidents of home appliance fire. These factors include flaws in design, failures of components, environmental conditions and improper operations.

本文的主要工作及结果如下： 1、通过对空调器、电冰箱、洗衣机、电视机和电热器具(包括电熨斗、电热毯、电热水器)等常见的、容易引起火灾的家用电器的工作原理和结构特点进行分析，指出容易引起火灾的因素，并参考国内外火灾事故调查专家和同行的研究成果，总结出家用电器火灾发生的主要原因是由于设计制造缺陷、元器件故障、外界环境影响和使用者操作不当等几大因素造成的。

At the same time, they issued smoke,inflamer produce a great lot of smother, so in fires, majority people got gas poisoning and asphyxiate and died.

同时发烟量大，在火灾中燃烧物产生大量浓烟使火灾中的大多数人员被有毒气体和烟雾熏倒窒息而身亡。

According to the composition of elements of fuel,thermochemical forms,combustion heat,and time-dependent relations of oxygen concentration acquired during fullscale tunnel fire experiment,the formulae are given for calculating di- mensionless burning rate, released heat rate ,and ratio of medium decalescence.

根据燃料的元素构成、热化学反应式、反应物和生成物的焓变以及燃烧过程中监测到的烟气中氧气浓度随时间变化规律，提出了计算某一时刻燃料燃烧速率、释热速率和介质吸热率的关系式；通过实际规模的火灾试验，对其数据的计算表明，对木质类巷道火灾，最大比燃烧速率为0.193，最大释热速率约为1～3.5 MW，介质的吸热率为22

The plateau environment of hyperpiesia and hypoxia in Tibet makes the occurrence and development of fires different with inland in characteristics and laws,which determines a different prevention and detection for fires between the Tibetan Plateau and the inland. Especially,the fuel gas characteristics for plateau burning will have a great impact on the prevention and detection for fires at high altitude.

西藏地区特殊的高原低压低氧环境，使西藏地区火灾的发生发展都和内地有其不同的特点和规律，这也决定了西藏高原火灾的防治和探测规律与内地的有所不同，尤其是高原燃烧的烟气特性对于高原地区的火灾防治和探测有很大的影响。

The analysis shows that it is feasible and effective to apply fault tree analysis method to passenger train fire hazard assessment. The method can exposit the various factors and logical relations of passenger train and the casualties in fire comprehensibly, and provide reliable reference for the passenger train fire prevention and minimizing casualties.

通过分析表明，将事故树分析法应用于旅客列车火灾风险评估中是可行有效的，该方法能够对导致旅客列车发生火灾和旅客列车火灾引起人员伤亡事故的各种因素及逻辑关系做出较全面的阐述，并为旅客列车火灾的预防以及最大限度地减少人员伤亡提供了可靠的参考依据。

Atrium fire ; fire Duality ; determinability ; probability ; comprehensive simulation

大空间建筑火灾；火灾双重性规律；确定性；随机性；综合模拟评估

During fire arised, the bags outside carbonizes and the inner material will expand immediately and form a blockage layer to retard fire and smoke spreading.

火灾发生时，包体的表皮碳化而包内物受火立即膨胀，使独立的包体互熔成大的整块，具有良好的隔热性、严密性，可阻止火灾的蔓延和烟雾的传播。

Main research works are as follows:(1) Numerical simulation of turbulent flow and combustion in power plant furnace (2) Numerical simulation of fire spread and crown fire in forest fire behave (3) Numerical simulation of burning process of large space building (4) Numerical simulation of three-dimensional fluid flow of satellite cabin in microgravity environment (5) Numerical simulation of burning process of multi-rooms It shows that the ability of FAC3 and FZ code is strong and the code is widely used for practical problems.

研究工作主要涉及以下几个方面：（1）电站煤粉锅炉流场的数值分析（2）林火行为中火蔓延和树冠火等特性的数值研究（3）大空间建筑火灾烟气流动过程的数值分析（4）微重力条件下卫星密封舱内部流场的数值分析（5）多室火灾过程的数值分析研究工作表明，FAC3和FZ程序的功能较强，通用性较好，可对多种热过程现象进行数值模拟，在一定程度上讲，即可用于科学研究，又可用于实际工程问题，并具有广泛的应用前景和推广价值。

Temperatures in the room and on the chipboard were measured, and the heat release rate based on the principle of oxygen consumption was acquired. The velocity of the fire spreading on the chipboard w...

结果表明，进行大尺度标准火灾实验房间内阻燃材料的性能测试实验能够获得全面数据；释热速率是评价材料阻燃特性的重要指标；大尺度标准火灾实验房间内实验对全面评价阻燃材料在火灾中的阻燃性能具有重大意义。

Temperature peak is orderly behind troughs of oxygen concentration and throttling function and pressure drop peak of fan, so it is not correct traditionally to calculate the maximum resistance by the maximum temperature.

因此， 研究火灾初期的节流效应及其影响因素，对于火灾的正确模拟，判断灾情的发展，指导救灾具有重要意义。在实际巷道火灾中，大多能观察到节流现象。

Cynanchum Lingtai apricot production in the average weight 65 grams, the brightly-colored fruit, juicy rich, sweet-sour taste, sweet from the nucleolus, when the late Qing Dynasty famous Shaanxi, Gansu provinces, the Qing imperial court Tongzhi tribute for years.

灵台生产的牛心杏平均单果重65克，果实色泽鲜艳，汁多味浓，甜酸适口，离核仁甜，清末时就驰名陕、甘两省，清同治年间曾为朝廷贡品。

Chenopodium album,Solanum nigrum, and Amaranthus retroflexus were very susceptible to the herbicides. Polygonum persicaria and Abutilon theophrasti were relatively less susceptible to the herbicides, and Lycopersicon esculentum was not susceptible to it. The relationship between reduction rates of weed biomass and PPM values of weed leaves 2,4, and 6 days after treatment was established.

供试的6种杂草对该混剂的敏感性存在显著差异：红心藜Chenopodium album、龙葵Solanum nigrum和反枝苋Amaranthus retroflexus对该混剂最敏感，ED90值分别为47.65、71.67和29.17g/hm2；春蓼Polygonum persicaria和苘麻Abutilon theophrasti敏感，ED90值分别为96.91、114.20g/hm2；而番茄不敏感。