大学教师

Theoretically, the present thesis is based upon the encouragement theory in the study of administration. The literature of the thesis is mainly devoted to the survey of research at home and abroad in two aspects: the young teacher development and encouragement mechanism. Methodologically, the thesis is a case study of Northwest Normal University. With the statistical analysis of the status quo of teaching and research, as well as the demand of research of the young teachers in the university, the thesis treats the current encouragement system, summarizes the conspicuous problems and then advances countermeasures in the research enragement system of young teachers in these universities based upon the qualitative and quantitative studies.

本文以西方管理学激励理论为指导，以国内外青年教师培养和科研激励机制研究方面的文献为参考，以西北师范大学为个案，在对西北师范大学青年教师科研和教学现状统计分析、科研需求调查统计分析、现行科研激励机制审视的基础上，采取定量与定性相结合的研究方法，概括出西部教学研究型大学青年教师科研激励机制方面存在的主要问题，并分析存在问题的原因。

Professional maladaptation of many novice teachers burden teacher education institutions and bring many difficulties to the daily life of school, and most of all, it has ill influences on the development of Pupils and Middle School Students, which reflect the inefficiency and low quality of pre-service teacher education.

来源： [西南大学，400715] 作者：谢韦韦内容摘要：新教师职业适应不良问题给教师教育机构带来了极大的负担、给学校日常工作带来了诸多困难，给中小学学生的发展造成了极为不利的影响，反映出我国职前教师教育的低效和低质。

The result shows that: with the expansion of teacher education space, the reform and development of Chinese teacher education is much closer or equal to that of the international teacher education. The transitional stage and education reform in China puts forward a new demand for P. E. talents. The innovation as to education object, specification and curriculum arrangement raised in P. E. Curriculum Arrangement for Chinese Universities with four-year Program published in 2003 meets such a demand, and narrows the gap of education development in high P. E. academy between China and foreign countries. P. E. teachers abroad are usually cultivated by comprehensive universities, the cultivating objectives are verified, and generalists adapted to social development are emphasized. Cultivating mode abroad are various, with "open-type" or "non-directional type" as the main mode, and 4-year program, 5-year program, and 3-year program serve as the main form of education system. Curriculum arrangement abroad stresses general education, with foundationalization, normalization, objectification, optionalization, miniaturization, internationalization and syntheticalization as its characteristics and it employs credit system. The close-typed cultivating mode of P. E. academies in China should be gradually transformed into open-type or multi-type, cultivating generalists instead of specialists, and further constructing a new one with several cultivating types co-existing. Orientation of P.E. teachers in China should follow standard principle, coordination principle, experience principle and resource principle. To improve P.E teacher education in China, the following measures can be taken: relevant laws and regulations should be made for orientation; P.E teachers" training organization should be encouraged to participate in orientation; extension and connotation of P.E. teacher education should be expanded; resources should be optimize; systematic P.E. teachers" orientations should be organized;"Life P.E. Teacher Qualification "should be changed; useful-life should be set for P. E. teacher qualification; P.E. teacher qualification should be regularly authenticated; On-job training of P. E. teachers abroad tends to be systematic, but in China P.E. teachers" on-job training and prevocational training are separated; therefore measures must be taken to change this circumstance and thus speed up the systematic process. Factors concerning constructing a new system of P. E teachers are the following: reconstructing resources, making P.E. teachers" cultivation, orientation and training systematic, establishing a mechanism for encouragement and punishment, making school-based training and college training systematic, and setting up a mechanism combining directional training with non-directional training.

研究结果表明：随着教师教育革新空间的拓展，我国体育教师教育的改革与发展水平逐步与国际体育教师教育发展趋于接轨化。2003年颁布的《全国普通高校体育教育本科专业课程方案》在培养目标和规格、课程设置上的创新性，适应了我国社会转型和教育改革对体育教育专业人才的需求，进一步缩小了与国外高等体育院系教育发展的差距；国外体育教师一般由综合性大学或文理多科性大学培养，培养目标多向化，以培养适应社会发展的通才型人才为主；培养模式灵活多样，多数以"开放型"或"非定向型"培养模式为主，学制多以4年制、5年制、3年为主；课程设置上注重通识教育，突出基础化、师范化、针对化、选修化、小型化、国际化和综合化特点，实行完全学分制的教育管理制度；我国普通高校体育教育本科专业人才培养模式应该由封闭性转向开放式混合型的人才培养模式转变，由专才型转向复合型人才培养模式转变，构建多种类型并存的人才培养模式；我国体育教师入职教育革新应遵循的原则是本位原则、协同原则、经验原则和时间与资源原则，改进措施有：做好入职教育的法规化、制度化建设，激励体育师资培育机构参与体育教师的入职教育，拓展体育教师教育的外延和内涵，优化整合资源，系统组织体育教师的入职教育，改变体育教师资格"终身制"，设定体育教师资格有效期限，推行教师资格定期认证制度等；国际上体育教师在职培训体系显现了体育教师教育一体化的发展取向，但我国体育教师的在职培训与职前培养存在分离性，必须采取改革措施，加速我国体育教师教育的一体化进程；构建体育教师教育新体系的实施要素是：重组资源配置，实现体育教师培养、入职和培训一体化，建立奖惩机制，实现校本与院校培训一体化，建立体育教师定向与非定向培养培训有机结合机制。

I used to be a teacher for ten years.it was 1926 I finished my study in American and became a teacher in national department of almamater Yangjing university.most of directors and teachers are my teacher.also other departments has my teacher.anyway,all the teachers in the school are my predecessors.so when it came to professoriate,I always chose a corner or an edge ,stayed very terrified.people all joked me as faculty baby.i was less than 26 that term.

我只当过十年的教师。那是一九二六年我从美国留学回来，在母校燕京大学国文系当了一名教师。那时系里的主任和教师大半是我的老师。校内其他科、系里也有我的老师。总之，全校的教师都是我的师辈！因此在开教授会的时候，我总是挑个极边极角的座位，惶恐地缩在一旁。大家都笑着称我为 Faculty Baby。那一学期我还不满二十六岁。

In order to refresh one's knowledge constantly, the educational administrative departments at all levels still hold the second regional language teaching method seminar frequently, select and appoint middle and primary schools Mr. join French person who soak in that university hold class for advanced studies , Mr. of teaching , study, try one's best to reduce and change the teacher who participates in this kind of teaching , make this teaching body keep relatively intact and steady.

为了不断更新知识，各级教育行政部门还经常召开地区性的第二语言教学方法研讨会，选派中小学教师参加大学举办的法语浸入式教学教师进修班学习，并尽量减少更换参与这种教学的教师，使这支教师队伍保持相对完整与稳定。

Pragmatic presupposition determines the choice of information focus and its position in a sentence,organizes the discourse into a coherent whole,concise,clear and smooth,and achieves the expected stylistic effects.in college english teaching,if teachers teach the knowledge about pragmatic presupposition in listening teaching,introduce the frequently-seen patterns of presupposition, increase the presuppositional sensitivity of students to certain words and structures,guide students to use the theory on presuppositional information to make forecasts on base of written listening material,listen purposefully,and get rid of the distraction of the minor and redundant information,the ability of students to obtain major information and linguistic inference will be strengthened and their listening competence will improve remarkably.george yule divided presuppositional triggers into factive presupposition,non-factive presupposition,counter-factive presupposition,existential presupposition,lexical presupposition and structural presupposition.presuppositional triggers are helpful for us to understand the true intention of the speaker or writer.in college english reading teaching,if teachers introduce the discourse organizing function of pragmatic presupposition and the relevant presupposition triggers,and teach students to use these triggers to communicate with the writer,the comprehension competence of students will be greatly enhanced.the essential function of presupposition is to build a framework for the further development of discourse.in college english writing teaching,teachers can use the theory on pragmatic presupposition to construct a handy training program for textual organization,increase the textual coherence, economy and structural perfection of the english writings by students.in college english translation teaching,teachers should focus on developing the pragmatic presuppositional thinking of students,enable them to grasp the presupposed information in source text / speech exactly,understand the original thoroughly,correctly reorganize and reproduce the pragmatic presuppositions in the target language,carry out the functional equivalence in translation and successfully realize the smooth and accurate communication.with the instruction of pragmatic presupposition in college english teaching,the complete understanding and integral acquisition of english and chinese of students will come true.in conclusion,to implement the curriculum requirements for college english teaching promulgated by the ministry of education of china,we should emphasize the instruction of the theory on pragmatic presupposition in college english teaching,carry it through from beginning to end.it's one of the important means to realize the college english teaching reform, improve the effects of college english teaching,strengthenr the practical and integrative language abilities of students,in order to cultivate the compound talents to adapt to the global integration and meet the requirements of the reform and opening in china.

在大学英语教学中，教师将语用预设知识贯穿于听力教学过程中，讲授一些常出现的预设类型，提高学生对一些特定的词语和结构的预设敏感度，引导学生运用预设信息理论对听力文字材料进行预测，有的放矢，排除次要、冗余信息的干扰，增强获取主要信息的能力和语言推理能力，从而提。。。更多高学生的听力理解水平。george yule将预设触发语分为事实预设、非事实预设、反事实预设、存在预设、词汇预设和结构预设，触发语有助于我们在阅读当中理解作者的真正用意。在大学英语阅读教学中，介绍语用预设的语篇组织功能和有关的预设触发语，并利用触发语来与作者进行交流，会极大地提高阅读理解能力。预设的基本功能就是为语篇的进一步发展建立一个框架。利用语用预设理论可以为大学英语写作教学构建一个易于操作的篇章组织训练方法，提高学生英语写作的语篇连贯性，经济性和结构优化。在大学英语翻译教学中，注重培养学生的语用预设思维，准确把握源语的前提信息，透彻理解原文，使语用预设在目的语中正确重组和再现，实现翻译的功能对等，交际的流畅性和准确性，并增强学生对英汉双语的全面性认识和整体性习得。综上所述，为更好地贯彻和实施教育部颁布的《大学英语课程教学要求》，在大学英语教学中重视语用预设理论的传授，使语用预设贯穿于大学英语教学的始终，是实现大学英语教学改革的重要手段，改善大学英语教学效果，增强学生的实用综合语言能力，培养符合全球一体化趋势，适应改革开放要求的复合型人才。

This article discusses the process of teacher education from unity to diversification, and analyses the questions of teacher profession in student selection, pre-job education, practical training, qualification, employ, and on-job education. It recommends 11 improvement strategies as follow: to control severely and to make better demand evaluation, to preserve partly students at government expense to spread excellent mission, to postpone the pre-job education to graduation, to make system and resource soundness in teacher education center, to make the curriculum of pre-job education flexible, to communicate college and school closely, to examine qualification actually, to unitize the teacher employ impartially, to bring the outsider into the teacher arbitration board, to classify teachers, and to found the major on-job education unit drawing up the integrated on-job education system.

摘要本文探讨我国师资培育从封闭一元到多元开放的历程，并从教师专业的角度分析师资培育多元化之後，在甄选学生，职前培育，实习，资格检定，教师聘任，以及进修等方面所遭遇的问题，对於这些问题提出下列十一项改进策略：需要严格把关，并做好需求评估；保留部分师范公费生以传承优良使命；师资培育职前课程应延至学士程度之後；「师资培育中心」制度须健全，资源须充分；职前培育课程必须具有弹性，避免固定僵化；大学与实习学校必须共同规划，密切交流；资格检定必须经过实质审查；聘任的方式必须有一致性与公平性；教评会应考虑纳入外部人士；师资培育多元化须配合教师分级制度；成立专责进修单位，规划整全系统的进修制度，提升教师进修品质。

Nevertheless, I insist that the object of all true education is not to make men carpenters, it is to make carpenters men; there are two means of making the carpenter a man, each equally important; the first is to give the group and community in which he works liberally trained teachers and leaders to teach him and his family what life means; the second is to give him sufficient intelligence and technical skill to make him an efficient work- man; the first object demands the Negro college and college-bred men─not a quantity of such colleges, but a few of excellent quality; not too many college-bred men, but enough to leaven the lump, to inspire the masses, to raise the Talented Tenth to leadership; the second object demands a good system of common schools, well-taught, conveniently located, and properly equipped....

要使木匠成为人才，有二种同等重要的做法，一是让他们在自己劳动的社团和社区中拥有受过文科教育的教师和领导，让这些人给他们及其家属讲明生活的意义，二是让他们提高智力和技术工艺，使他们成为有效率的劳动者。要达到第一个目标需要有黑人大学以及受过大学教育的人才──不需要很多这样的大学，而只需要几所质量上乘的大学；不需要太多受过大学教育的人才，但要有足够的数量能使&面团&发酵，能激励群众。使其中&有才能的十分之一&成为领袖。要达到第二个目标需要有一个完善的普通学校体系，教学质量好，地点方便，设备齐全

The teachers' group is an international team which is composed by professors, associate professors, tutors and assistant tutors from Netherlands, China and other countries. The teaching system is introduced from TU/e, the textbooks of majors are international authorized original English version and the major courses will be taught by bilingual of both English and Chinese.

教师队伍是一支由荷兰王国国籍教授、副教授、讲师、助教和中国国籍教授、副教授、讲师、助教以及世界上其他国家国籍优秀教师人才共同组成的国际型教师团队；学院的教学体系引进于荷兰王国埃因霍温科技大学；主要专业课教材采用国际权威的英文原版教材；主要专业课教学方式采用英文与中文的双语授课方式。

In the Russian city of Bryansk any university teachers. At the age of 24 degrees for a short holiday to Leningrad, where he held music and Putin met at the meeting. July 28, 1983 and Putin in the Neva Ferry held at the wedding.

曾在俄罗斯的布良斯克市任大学教师。24岁时到列宁格勒度短假，在那里举行的音乐会上与普京相识。1983年7月28日与普京在涅瓦河的小轮船上举行婚礼。

If you are unfortunate enough to the lovelorn, please tell me, I will help you out, really, please contact me!

如果你不幸失恋了，请告诉我，我会帮助你摆脱困境，真的，请联系我啦！

China's plan to cut energy intensity by 20 percent and pollutant discharges by 10 percent between 2006 and 2010 is a case in point.

中国计划在2006年到2010间降低20%的能源强度和减少10%的主要污染物排放，就是一个这样的例子。