土

The main factors affecting the soil-structure interface behaviors were found experimentally and theoretically, including: 1 the thickness of the interface that is five to six times the average grain size of the soil; 2 the aeolotropy of interface, which is responsible for anisotropic response of the stress-strain response of the interface; 3 two physical states, including crashing and compression of the soil near the structure surface, which govern the stress-strain response of the interface strongly; 4 two shear deformation components due to sliding and constraint of the structure surface relative to the soil respectively, which forms the deformation of the interface; 5 the volumetric strain due to dilatancy, which is found to be composed of a reversible dilatancy component and an irreversible dilatancy component. 4. A unified constitutive model of the interface, based on new elasto-plasticity damage theory, was developed. It was confirmed to be effective for the conditions considering monotonic and cyclic shearing, coupling effect of shear and volumetric strains, evolution of physical state, micro-structure aeolotropy of the soil and the resulting aeolotropy of the interface as well as the three normal boundary conditions stated above. 5. 2D and 3D finite element formulations of the present model were derived and incorporated into the FEM codes. They were applied to the evaluation of practical engineering problems with different typical interfaces between soil and structure. The new model was shown to be reasonable and effective.

确定了粗粒土与结构接触面厚度约为5～6倍的平均粒径，首次揭示了接触面的细观结构异向性以及由此所引起的宏观剪切异向性，发现了在单调和往返剪切荷载作用下土颗粒破碎和剪切压密两种物态变化机制共同支配着接触面力学性质的变化，通过细观分析证实了接触面的变形可分解为一般同时发生的土与结构交界面上的滑移变形以及结构面位移约束范围之内土体本身的剪切变形两部分，观测到接触面受剪时表现出明显的相对法向位移，并可分解为可逆性和不可逆性两个分量；(4)建立了第一个能够统一地描述单调与往返剪切特性、剪应变与体应变耦合特性、细观结构和宏观剪切异向性以及土颗粒破碎等物态变化特性的土与结构接触面弹塑性损伤本构数学模型，并采用多种法向边界条件复杂加载路径的试验成果验证了新模型的合理性和有效性；(5)提出了新模型的二、三维有限元格式并结合实际边值问题进行了应用计算分析，比较了不同接触面本构模型对计算结果的影响，证实了新模型及其有限元格式不仅能够合理地描述土与结构接触面的主要力学特性，还能够较好地反映土体与结构物在接触面处的滑移、脱开等不连续现象。

It is concluded that, first, geochemical data of the surface soils can clearly distinguish two kind of soils, that is, juvenile soils, for example, purple soils, which inherits most geochemical characteristics of the parent rocks or materials, and anthropic soils, the geochemical characteristics of which have been greatly changed as the results of intensive impact from variety of agricultural uses. Second, different soils have typical indicator elements association respectively due to different parent rocks or materials and utilization, such as purple soils, yellow soils (low alkali and alkaline-earth metal contents and pH value), paddy soils (high organic element and heavy metal elements contents) and fluvo-aquic soils (high rock-forming accessory mineral elements contents) and so on. Consequently, it can be suggested that elements association is an important indicator for two key factors (parent materials and anthropic activities) of soil classification. Third, some differences exist between soil genesic classification and result of cluster analysis, because geochemical characteristics of surface soils can not completely represent the foundation applying to soil genesic classification, that is, condition and process of soil-forming, and soil property.

结果表明：浅层土壤的地球化学数据能较好地用来区分两类土壤，即紫色土一类的幼年土壤（在很大程度上继承了母岩、母质的地球化学特征）和受强烈人为活动水耕、早耕熟化的土壤（外来物质的不断加人显著地改变了浅层土壤原有的地球化学性质）；(2)各类土壤因母岩母质和利用方式不同，各具明显的标志性元素组合特征，如紫色土、黄壤（低碱和碱土金属元素和pH值）、水稻土（高有机元素、肥料元素和重金属元素）和潮土等，因此，这些元素组合是土壤分类两个要素的重要参照系；(3)浅层土壤的地球化学特征不可能完整地体现成土条件、成土过程和土壤属性这三个发生分类依据，因此，聚类分析结果与发生类型之间存在一定的差异。

The studied factors respectively are: length of soil nailing, insert deepness of piles, friction force of soil nailing interface, declination angle of soil nailing, horizontal spacing of soil nailing, rows of soil nailing, unit weight of soil, friction angle, unit cohesion, overload of slope, diameter of soil nailing.

这11个因素分别为：土钉长度、土钉直径、土钉界面摩擦力、土钉下倾角、土钉水平间距、土钉排数、土体重度、内摩擦角、粘聚力、坡顶超载、板桩插入深度。

BUnder the condition of three different field surface treatments-one no till,one completedeep loosening,one strip trenching,the discrepancy by total amount of accumulative infiltration byboth field test and FEM methods during 630 min was less than 10%.

而粘壤土三角形松土断面最佳参数为：松土间距s=60cm，松土深度h=10cm，松土宽度w=10。此时，当量松土深度为1.67cm，100min的入渗量为29.35mm，比相同土壤的免耕处理田面的入渗量增加了19.8%，松土效率为每增加1cm的当量松土深度，入渗量增加11.9

The results of experiments and analysis shown that the clay mineral is mainly gerundive, montmorillonoid is little, but a great quantity of sodium-ion in gerundive soil and larger pH make the soil as well as montmorillonoid which is intense dispensability, These are two keys for the soil to disperse.

试验和分析结果表明，土样中的粘土矿物主要以伊利石为主，蒙脱石含量较少；伊利土中含有大量的钠离子，使得伊利土象钠蒙脱土一样具有强分散性；pH值较高，使得土壤颗粒之间的净势能表现为斥力，这也促使土样土样产生分散性。

In this paper,the geographical distribution,profile shape and char- acteristics of major soil types such as the young brown earth,brown earth and meadow brown earth in the eastern low-mountain and hilly region and the meadow soil,saline meadow soil and paddy soil in the western plain region in Haicheng county of Liaoning Province are diseribed;the primary physico-chemical properties,organic matter,total nitrogen,total phosphorus,total potassium,total exchange of positive ions,the content of.01 physical cl...

本文叙述了海城县东部低山丘陵区的棕壤性土、棕壤、潮棕壤和西部平原区的草甸土、盐化草甸土及水稻土等主要土壤类型的地理分布、特性、剖面性态；论述了这些土壤类型的主要理化性质，有机质、全氮、全硷、全钾、阳离子代换量、。01物理性粘粒含量等及微量元素的含量、丰缺程度。根据主要土壤类型的性质和特点，作者提出了棕壤、草甸土两大土类的合理利用意见及其改良措施。

The new opinion and mechanism that the simultaneously adsorption of complex pollution of both organic and heavy metals will be achieved on soil modified with amphoteric surface modifying agent, which have both charged group and organophilic group on one ASMA molecule, were proposed at first time, and its rationality was testified at the same time; The 50% was the critical CTMAB modifying ratio of soil CEC at which the organophilic bond modifying mechanism was emerged; The thermodynamic characteristics of adsorption of OPT and HMP on OMS were discovered ; The study revealed the surface peculiarity of OMS that the modifying agent were distributed at uneven scatter mode and multi-characters surface were coexisted on surface of OMS, revealed the adsorption peculiarity of OMS that multi-mechanisms were coexisted, confirmed the unequal charge amount modifying mode of OMS in which dual-modifying mechanism of both ion exchange and OPB were processed at the same time, and confirmed that the adsorption hobby to CTMAB was higher than that to Ca2+ on Lou soil.

首次提出了用两性表面修饰剂对土壤进行修饰改性，利用两性表面修饰剂所具有的荷电基团和疏水基团达到对土壤中有机、重金属污染物同时吸附的思路和机理，并通过实验证实了所提设想的合理性；发现了土壤CEC值的50%修饰比例是CTMAB开始显现以疏水键机制对土土样表面进行修饰的临界点；揭示了有机修饰改性土对有机物、重金属吸附过程的热力学特征，填补了该项研究工作的空白；阐明了修饰剂在改性土表面呈分散态的非均匀分布，改性土表面具有不同性质表面共存的表面特征和对污染物多机制共存的吸附特征，确定了阳离子表面修饰剂在土表面的修饰是一种离子交换和疏水键结合两种机制相伴并行且为非等电荷量交换的修饰反应模式，以及土具有对CTMAB的吸附偏好性远大于对钙离子吸附偏好性的特征。

The increased amount of non--exchangeable NH4^＋-N during the incubation indicated as the following tendency, namely, Eum-Orthic Anthrosols 〉 Los - Orthic Entisols 〉 Hap-Ustic Isohumisols 〉 Ust-Sandiic Entisols. Organic material influenced significantly the increased amount of non-exchangeable NH4^＋-N （P was 0.0002, 0.0004 and 0.0003 when incubated at 20 d, 50 d and 60 d, respectively）. NH4^＋-N increased remarkably when Stlpa bungeana and Medicago sativa were added compared with no addition. The contents of non-exchangeable NH4^＋-N increased significantly when added （NH4）2SO4 compared without addition at 20 d, 40 d and 60d of incubation and P was 0.0037, 0.0033 and 0.0027, respectively. It was the result that the NH4^＋-N from （NH4）2 SO4 was fixed within the soil. The increased amount of non-exchangeable NH4^＋-N increased significantly for different soils, on which different vegetation types grew before the collection of soil samples, when incubated at 20 d （P=0.0434）, but not significantly at 40 d and 60d （P=0.7378 and 0.5375）. The increased amount of non-exchangeable NH4^＋-N in the soil, on which crop straw and nitrogen fertilizer had been incorporated for a long-term period, was larger than that of no addition, but it was not significantly different among these two fertilization models. Soil clay, total N and organic matter were positively correlated remarkably with the contents of non-exchangeable NH4^＋-N, the increased amount of non-exchangeable NH4^＋-N had no correlation with soil clay, whereas it had significantly positive correlation with total N and organic matter.

培养期间非交换性NH4^＋-N的增加量均表现为以土垫旱耕人为土最大，其次是黄土正常新成土，简育干润均腐土和干湿砂质新成土较小；添加有机物料极显著影响培养期间的非交换性NH4^＋-N增加量（培养20d、40d和60d时P分别为0.0002，0.004和0.0003），表现为紫花苜蓿和长芒草土壤非交换性NH4^＋-N的增加量均极显著高于不添加有机物料的对照土壤；在培养20d、40d和60d时，加（NH4）2SO4土样非交换性NH4^＋-N的增加量显著大于不加（NH4）2SO4土样（户分别为0.0037，0.0033和0.0027），这是土壤对（NH4）2SO4中NH4^＋-N固定的必然结果；不同植被类型土壤培养20d时的非交换性NH4^＋-N增加量差异显著（P=0.0434），培养40d和60d时差异不显著（p分别为0.7378和0.5375）；长期秸秆和氮肥配施土壤非交换性NH4^＋-N增加量大于不施肥对照土壤，但差异不显著土壤黏粒、全氮和有机质与培养0d、20d、40d和60d时土壤的非交换性NH4^＋-N含量均呈极显著正相关；而非交换性NH4^＋-N的增加量与粘粒无相关性，但与全氛和有机质呈显著正相关。

The adsorption of NH〓 in the 〓CO〓 solution and the adsorption of NH〓-N in the waste water from the Coking plant,Capital Iron and Steel Coripo ration by bentonite were investigated. The results show that the amount of 〓 adsorbed by particulate betonite (〓1. 68mm) and -200 mesh bentonite are 26. 39 and 8. 87mg/g, respectively; and the amount of NH〓-N in the waste water from the coking plant adsoybed by particulate bentonite, acid activated bentonite and -200 mesh bentonite are 32. 00, 21. 85 and 15. 62mg/g, respectively.

对膨润土吸附溶液中的 NH〓离子和从首钢公司焦化厂焦化废水中去除氨氮进行的试验研究结果表明，该膨润土对碳酸铵溶液中 HN〓离子的饱和吸附量是颗粒膨润土26.39mg/g、粉状膨润土8.87mg/g；对焦化废水中氨氮的饱和吸附量是颗粒膨润土32.00mg/g、活性膨润土21.85mg/g和粉状膨润土15.62mg/g。

This thesis set up the pedogenetic classification system of the sub-Antarctic maritime climate region, and the soils of study area are classified into 3 orders. 4 suborders (cryentisolorder、cryaquept-order, cryochrept-order and cryohistosol-order) and 13 groups. The diagnostic soil characteristics of each group are analysed. The soil mapof Fildes Peninsula of King George Island. Antarctica (1∶20000) is mapped.

建立了亚南极海洋性气候区土壤地理发生分类体系，将研究区土壤划归3个土纲、4个亚纲（冷冻新成土亚纲、冷冻潮湿始成土亚纲、冷冻正常始成土亚纲、冷冻有机土亚纲），13个土类，阐述了各土类的诊断特征，并绘制了南极乔治王岛菲尔德斯半岛土壤图（1∶2万）。

Objective To investigate the effects of interleukin-1 β converting enzyme gene on the biologic characteristics of ovarian cancer cells.

目的 探讨白细胞介素-1 β转换酶的表达，对卵巢癌细胞生物学特性的影响。

Campylobacter: This illness is the most commonly identified cause of diarrheal illness in the world.

弯曲：这种病是最常见的原因查明腹泻病，在世界上。