国家

First part is the criticism of the institutional theory of western welfare states: firstly it argues against the limited of personal freedom and choice; then it argues against the importunity of result equality; at last it argues against the national monopolization of welfare.

首先弗里德曼从三个方面对福利国家的基本理念进行了批判：一是福利国家对个人自由和选择的限制；二是福利国家的收入分配强求结果平等；三是福利国家垄断福利市场。

The customs will be the country use for to attack smuggling, the maintenance normalimport and export economic order and the safeguard country tax revenue functiondepartment, because it instate economy activity special status, once the custom houseofficer the authority which will entrust with using the country and the people carrieson exploits power, the embezzlement bribe even participates in smuggling to put the private illegal activity to be able the loss which will create to the country cannot bemade up.

海关是国家用来打击走私活动、维护正常进出口经济秩序和保障国家税收的职能部门，由于其在国家经济活动中的特殊地位，一旦海关关员利用国家和人民赋予的权力进行以权谋私、贪污受贿甚至参与走私放私的违法活动将会给国家造成不可弥补的损失。

In March 2006, he joint the "Core Teacher Training Program" in Interuniversity Microelectronic Center and KU Leuven, which is supported by National Education Department, National IC teacher Training Center.

承担的教学工作包括本科课程"CMOS模拟集成电路设计"、"IC设计课程设计"，研究生课程"IC设计项目管理"，指导国家大学生创新实验项目两个。2006年3月参加了由国家教育部组织，国家集成电路师资培训中心和中国国家人才交流基金会联合举办的"集成电路骨干教师培训班"，赴比利时鲁汶天主教大学及IMEC进修学习。

Although some problems arose in the implementation of cooperative medical system such as malpractice and jobbery of cadres at the grassroots level and unlicensed doctors, the defects can't obscure the virtues:from the standpoint of life expectancy and infant mortality rate,the former has risen from 35 in 1949 to 68 in 1982 and the latter has dropped from 200%to20-30%,which speaks for itself that rural medical system during the collectivist period has gained remarkable achievements.

中国"在落后国家的经济水平上达到了先进国家的卫生水平"，取得"低收入发展中国家举世无双的成就"，并成为"发展中国家解决卫生经费的惟一范例"。1980年代初，农村经济体制改革对合作医疗制度与赤脚医生队伍造成的冲击使农村医疗卫生制度改革势在必行。

Includes Constitution Law, fundamental rules concerning protection of citizens' rights in Constitution Law, composition of government organizations and members, formulation of legislation, supervision of legislation, laws relevant to special administrative regions, provisions on government symbols, and national territory, national defence, foreign affairs and nationality.

包括宪法，对宪法中相关公民权益保护的基本法规，有关国家机构的组成，组成人员，法律的制定，法律的监督，国家关于特别行政区的法律，国家标志的法规以及关于国家领土，国防，外交和国籍的法规。

The introduction first briefly reviews Western Europe\'s universal order of "recht" in middle ages: As independent political units, the city, the manor, the church parish, the ligeance and so on were set in a rank order, the relations between each rank were established in legal form, empire represented the highest rank, and simultaneously played an arbitrator\'s role, was the arbitrator of political units subordinated to the emperor. All of these ranks were placed in natural order created by God, thus, the Christianity religious doctrine had provided the final validity for the universal legal orders; then the symbiotic of the political evolution and the legal transformation will be discussed. Western jurisprudence resided in the Church during the middle Ages, after entering into modern era, resorted to the state."State" instead of "empire" became the basic concept of modem law, and new order of "recht" was bound to make legitimate argumentation for the nation; finally, the background and sketches of this article is explained. It will trace and analyze intrinsic evolution of the idea of legal order in the background of concrete politics--especially the geopolitics, inspects how the different nation-states split up from universal Christianly world and obtain their independence, inspecting differences of respective national path, the fit or unfit quality and the success or failure in this process.

导论首先简要回顾西欧中世纪大一统的法权秩序：作为独立政治单元的各城市、庄园、教区、领地等被镶嵌在一个等级秩序中，各个等级之间以法律的形式来确立相互之间的关系，帝国代表最高等级，同时扮演仲裁人的角色，是臣属其下的各个政治单元之间的仲裁者，而帝国等级又被安置在上帝创造的自然秩序中，因而，是基督教教义为大一统的法权秩序提供了最终的合法性；接着指出西欧政治演变与法权变革的共生性：西方法学在中世纪寄身于教会之中，进入近代以后则投靠了国家，"国家"代替"帝国"，成为近代法学构造的基本概念，新的法权秩序必然围绕民族国家展开；最后说明本文的论述方式和基本思路：本文将在具体的政治——特别是地缘政治——的背景中，追踪和解析法权观念的内在演变，由此进一步****不同民族国家内、异质的法权秩序如何从过去大一统的世界中分化剥离并获得独立，并试图检讨这一过程中不同民族道路的差异、优劣和得失。

Meanwhile, in order to protect Mandarin Duck's nature reserve and endangered bird and other species, frequent reflectings through appealing to related sections such as Province government' departments and National environmental Protection Bureau etc.

其次，就是保护鸳鸯溪自然保护区和拯救濒危鸟类和物种以及国家风景名胜区的活动，通过我会的不断反映，经过了多次直接上访省政府相关部门领导以及上访国家信访局、国家环保总局、国家林业局等部门。

To cherish peace and friendly intercourse with all nations having correspondent dispositions; to maintain sincere neutrality toward belligerent nations; to prefer in all cases amicable discussion and reasonable accommodation of differences to a decision of them by an appeal to arms; to exclude foreign intrigues and foreign partialities, so degrading to all countries and so baneful to free ones; to foster a spirit of independence too just to invade the rights of others, too proud to surrender our own, too liberal to indulge unworthy prejudices ourselves and too elevated not to look down upon them in others; to hold the union of the States as the basis of their peace and happiness; to support the Constitution, which is the cement of the Union, as well in its limitations as in its authorities; to respect the rights and authorities reserved to the States and to the people as equally incorporated with and essential to the success of the general system; to avoid the slightest interference with the right of conscience or the functions of religion, so wisely exempted from civil jurisdiction; to preserve in their full energy the other salutary provisions in behalf of private and personal rights, and of the freedom of the press; to observe economy in public expenditures; to liberate the public resources by an honorable discharge of the public debts; to keep within the requisite limits a standing military force, always remembering that an armed and trained militia is the firmest bulwark of republic that without standing armies their liberty can never be in danger, nor with large ones safe; to promote by authorized means improvements friendly to agriculture, to manufactures, and to external as well as internal commerce; to favor in like manner the advancement of science and the diffusion of information as the best aliment to true liberty; to carry on the benevolent plans which have been so meritoriously applied to the conversion of our aboriginal neighbors from the degradation, and wretchedness of savage life to a participation of the improvements of which the human mind and manners are susceptible in a civilized state, as far as sentiments, and intentions such as these can aid the fulfillment of my duty, they will be a resource with can not fail me.

珍惜和平以及同所有有交往意向的国家的友好交往；对交战各国保持真正中立；在任何情况下，优先考虑以友善的讨论和理性来处理异议，而非通过武力来做出决定；排除外国阴谋和外国偏颇，这些对所有国家都造成堕落，对自由国家更为有害；培养一种独立的精神，其之公正不会侵犯他人权利，其之自豪不会丢弃自身权利，其之宽大不使我们自己纵养不值的偏见，其之高尚使我们蔑视他人的这些偏见；把众州的联合保持为众州和平和幸福的基础，拥护作为联邦链结的宪法，不论是其限制或权力；尊重保留给各州和人民的权利，因为它的重要性把它平等地纳入联邦总体的成功之中；避免最轻微的对良知权利和宗教功能的干涉，这些在民事裁判中豁免；代表私人和个人的权利以及媒体自由，以其全部的能量来保留其它相关有益条款；在公共花费中坚持节约；通过偿还公共债务来解放公共资源；在必要的限度下保持一支常备军，时刻要记住武装并训练过的民兵才是共和国的中流砥柱，即是，没有常备军他们的自由从未有危险，而有了一支庞大军队也未必安全，通过授权的手段来发展有益于农业，制造业，对外和对内的商业，以适当的方式支持科学的发展和信息的传播来作为真正自由的最好食粮；执行善意的计划以把我们的土著邻居从，野蛮生活的低贱和不幸中转化到参加入一个文明国家内人的思维，和举止都倾向的改良中--只要如此的思想，和意图能辅助我职责的履行，它们将成为不使我失败的资本。

The total number of national focus points depends on the number of national POPs you have and your technology level, each country always has a minimum of one national focus point.

国家重点的总数量依赖于国家总POP和你的技术水平。每个国家至少有一个国家重点。

Other areas managed by the National Park Service include Jewel Cave National Monument near Custer, Crazy Horse Memorial, the Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail, the Minuteman Missile National Historic Site, which features a decommissioned nuclear missile silo, and the Missouri National Recreational River.

其他领域的管理，由国家公园管理处包括宝石洞窟国家纪念碑附近的卡斯特，疯马纪念，刘易斯和克拉克国家历史径，民兵导弹国家历史遗址，其特点是退役核潜艇导弹发射井，以及密苏里州国民游憩河。

Objective: To study the effect of polycythemia on blood oxygen saturation.

裴蕾目的：观察RBC剧增而引起的高粘血症对血氧饱和度的影响。

Based on SIMPLER algorithm in the curvilinear body-fitted coordinates, the calculations were performed for Pr=0.7, Re=10~1000 on non-orthogonal non-staggered grids which are generated by elliptic equation systems.

采用曲线坐标系下压力与速度耦合的SIMPLER算法，数值研究了周期性渐扩渐缩波纹通道内脉动流动与换热情况，流动Re数的范围为10~1000，Pr数为0.7。