商业

The main contributions of this research lie in that, Firstly, with reference to major research in this field, the study does not confine itself to the common methods used. With the study of the foundermental financial institutions as a starting analysis point, it helps to broaden the view of international academic research on operational risks, and deepen the understanding of the intensions, characteristics and attributes of commercial banking operational risks. Secondly, studying operational risks on the basis of the unique economic and institutional conditions of China and utilizing the concept of operational risks to redissect the risk structure of SOBs contributes to the comprehensive understanding of the root risk structure of China's financial risks and the practical difficulties encountered in the governance of SOBs. It also helps to implore how to combine the international standard rules with the economic development and the financial system reform.

本研究的主要意义在于：第一，博采众长，不拘泥于现有银行风险研究方法，从对基本金融制度的探讨展开分析，有助于拓宽学术界研究操作风险的视角，同时也深化了对商业银行操作风险的内涵、特征和属性的认识；第二，立足中国国情研究操作风险，利用操作风险概念重新解析国有商业银行风险结构，有助于更全面地理解中国金融风险的深层结构和中国国有银行治理的真正困难，为探索如何将国际通行规则与中国经济发展和金融体制改革有机结合开辟了新思路；第三，在理论研究和实证研究的基础上，为商业银行操作风险管理和监管部门监管提供对策，对于操作风险管理和监管的现实操作具有借鉴意义。

At present, there still exist tons of problems in the internal audit mechanisms of China's commercial banks, such as, the lack of standard, all sidedness, independence, validity, timeliness, only have to carry out the related reforms which based on the practical problems, do the commercial banks to be adapted to the needs of the reformational development, then to further strengthen the ability to resist the risk of commercial bank, which can be enhanced China's financial strength.

目前，我国商业银行内部审计机制仍然存在着许多问题，缺乏规范性、全面性、独立性、有效性、及时性，只有针对现实存在的问题进行相应的改革，才能适应商业银行改革发展的需要，进一步加强我国商业银行的风险抵御能力，增强我国的金融实力。

No one is laughing now. On August 31st Allianz, an insurer, gave up the st ruggle to make anything of its 2001 purchase of Dresdner and sold the bank to Commerzbank for 9.8 billion euro ($14.2 billion).

不久前，德瑞斯顿银行的投行分支德累斯顿-克莱沃特的员工谈及德国商业银行这一竞争对手时，还将其冠以&滑稽的银行&，但现在没人嘲笑德国商业银行了。8月31日，安联保险集团放弃它2001年收购的德瑞斯顿银行并将其以98亿欧元（142 亿美元）价格卖给德国商业银行。

And is also in legislating scatteredly to the protective measure to the business secret in our country, it is inconvenient to operate stage , propose making " the business secret protects the law " as soon as possible, solve the legal problem protected to the business secret fundamentally.

并针对我国对商业秘密的保护措施还处于立法零散，不便操作阶段，提出应当尽快制定关于保护商业秘密的法律，从根本上解决对商业秘密保护的问题。

And is also in legislating scatteredly to the protective measure to the business secret in our country, it is inconvenient to operate stage , propose making " the business secret protects the law " as soon as possible, solve the legal problem protected to the business secret fundamentally.

并针对我国对商业秘密的保护措施还处于立法零散，不便操作阶段，提出应当尽快制定《商业秘密保护法》，从根本上解决对商业秘密保护的法律问题。

And the case of usurping enormous bank fund in Guangdong branch bank, Bank of China that happened in March 2002 has urged me to choose this title as my topic directly.

为了突出商业银行内部控制的系统性、完整性，在接下来两个章节的写作中，论文紧扣这五个方面，分别考察了我国国有商业银行自80年代末以来内部控制的建设现状及目前存在的问题，介绍了国外商业银行在内部控制方面的经验。

In the thesis,the author suggests that lay down special the law of commercial secrets protection,stipulate the crimes of commercial secrets violation as catalogue accusation,cancel negligence of this crime in third one,establish the system of evidence transferring,complete the disposal of penalty so that we call protect the commercial secrets effectively in practice.

因此，笔者建议：制定专门的《商业秘密保护法》、将侵犯商业秘密罪规定为类罪名、取消第三人的过失犯本罪、设立证据转移制度、完善刑罚配置等，以便有效地对商业秘密实施刑事保护。

After opening-up,our country has got access to the market economy.The fast development of ec economy accelerates the confrontations of multi-parties,and there appear lots of commercial briberies and also to the extent of seriousness.The General Party Secretary,Mr Hu Jingtao,pointed out in 2005"It is a basic requirement to maintian the market order by strongly punishing the commercial briberies and it iw also an important content in anti-corruption".

自改革开放以来，我国逐步进入社会主义市场经济建设，经济发展突飞猛进，各方利益冲突加剧，商业贿赂行为日渐增多，该类犯罪也表现得较为突出，胡锦涛总书记在2005年就指出：&坚决治理商业贿赂是维护市场经济秩序的必然要求，是反对腐败的重要内容&，中共中央也部属治理商业贿赂专项工作。

This chapter classifies the nature and classification of risks of commercial banks.

本章阐明商业银行风险的性质与分类，分析商业银行风险评估的含义和在内部控制中的作用，介绍西方商业银行的主要风险评估方法。

The operation department contrives to become the famous brand in Greenland Business Group with experiences management team, advanced management concept and standardized management policies

商业运营事业部将以经验丰富的商业管理团队、先进的管理理念、规范的管理制度，致力于打造绿地商业管理的著名品牌。

Cynanchum Lingtai apricot production in the average weight 65 grams, the brightly-colored fruit, juicy rich, sweet-sour taste, sweet from the nucleolus, when the late Qing Dynasty famous Shaanxi, Gansu provinces, the Qing imperial court Tongzhi tribute for years.

灵台生产的牛心杏平均单果重65克，果实色泽鲜艳，汁多味浓，甜酸适口，离核仁甜，清末时就驰名陕、甘两省，清同治年间曾为朝廷贡品。

Chenopodium album,Solanum nigrum, and Amaranthus retroflexus were very susceptible to the herbicides. Polygonum persicaria and Abutilon theophrasti were relatively less susceptible to the herbicides, and Lycopersicon esculentum was not susceptible to it. The relationship between reduction rates of weed biomass and PPM values of weed leaves 2,4, and 6 days after treatment was established.

供试的6种杂草对该混剂的敏感性存在显著差异：红心藜Chenopodium album、龙葵Solanum nigrum和反枝苋Amaranthus retroflexus对该混剂最敏感，ED90值分别为47.65、71.67和29.17g/hm2；春蓼Polygonum persicaria和苘麻Abutilon theophrasti敏感，ED90值分别为96.91、114.20g/hm2；而番茄不敏感。