刺激-反应

This proposal has been tested in the present study, in a second-order motion configuration, which was assumed to be irresolvable for the linear filter model. A luminance defined first-order motion and a motion-contrast defined first-order motion were used as control conditions. The results suggest that there was no significant difference between the amplitudes of the flash-lag effect in the second-order motion and in the first-order motion.

用视网膜外推机制不再有效的二阶运动刺激取代前人实验中的一阶运动刺激来研究闪现滞后现象，发现在视网膜推断机制失效的情况下，闪现滞后现象并没有减小，而是和一阶运动刺激条件下的量相当。

Then the brains were sectioned at 40 u m on a freezing microtome, and stained with neutral red. Histological sections were examined microscopically.

然后冰冻切片，厚度为40 μm，制成标本，中性红染色，用光学显微镜检查刺激电极位置，与图谱对照，刺激位点不在刺激目标核团内的样本舍弃。

Objective To explore the feasibility of functional magnetic resonance imaging in analysis of olfaction function with modified OEP-98C olfactometer and event-related design.

目的探讨以改进后的OEP-98C型嗅觉诱发电位仪作为嗅觉刺激器，事件相关设计的嗅觉功能磁共振成像分析嗅觉功能的可行性。方法采用改进后适应磁共振环境的OEP-98C型嗅觉诱发电位仪作为嗅觉刺激器对6名右利手年轻男性志愿者进行嗅觉刺激。

RESULTS: Both resting B cells and T cells did not express PD-L1 on their surface, however PD-L1 expression was significantly up-regulated on the surface of the activated B cells after 6 h stimulation with LPS or pokeweed mitogen, and the percentages of B cells that expressed PD-L1 reached a plateau at 24 h, which were (46.26±10.71)% with LPS and (43.67±6.14)% with PWM stimulation, respectively. No markedly change of PD-L1 expression on the surface of the activated T cells after stimulation with LPS was observed, but upregulation of PD-L1 expression was observed when stimulation with PWM.

结果： 静息B细胞和T细胞表面不表达PD-L1，LPS和PWM刺激6 h后表达PD-L1的B细胞百分率均显著高于静息B细胞，24 h达到最高，分别为(46.26±10.71)%和(43.67±6.14)%，之后随时间延长而降低；表达PD-L1的T细胞百分率在LPS刺激下无显著变化，但PWM刺激6 h后百分率明显高于静息条件，24 h达到最高，为(25.42±9.23)%，之后下降。

Methods Six normal volunteers were examined with 1.5 T MRI scanner, and stimulated with the pattern of phase-encoded polar angle with clockwise or counterclockwise rotating wedges, and the pattern of eccentricity with concentric expanding or contracting rings.

方法采用1.5T超导MR设备，运用2种具有相位编码信息的投影刺激：离心外散和向心内聚的光环刺激，以及顺时针和逆时针方向旋转的极角刺激，对6名正常人进行血氧水平依赖的fMRI。

Gastric contents were collected with two methods, pylorus ligation and esophagus perfusion.

双侧分别刺激疑核，记录刺激前和刺激过程中的呼吸运动图、心电图。

The rats were randomly divided into four groups: normal contral group; double-axes rotation stimulation group; the bilateral labyrinthectomy group; group of two-axes rotation stimulation after the bilateral labyrinthectomy.

为了探讨旋转刺激与运动病发生的关系，本研究利用一种复杂的围绕两轴旋转的加速度刺激器刺激大鼠后，观察大鼠全脑内Fos蛋白的表达情况。

In Experiment 1, the pattern of spatial attention shift was examined by instructing participants to saccade to the cue.

实验一要求被试将眼睛跳往提示刺激处，通过对线运动错觉的分析确定该条件下的空间注意转移规律；实验二要求被试在将视线保持在注视点处的条件下判断目标色块是否出现，以探明线运动错觉是否受对目标色块前注意阶段加工的影响；实验三要求被试将眼睛跳往提示刺激的对侧，分析眼跳位置与提示刺激空间方位的一致性对空间注意转移的影响。

Results:(1)NSCs form typical neurospheres under adequate concentration in vitro, which are immunoreactive to Vimentin. Typically and terminally differentiated mature neural cells could not be found without the stimulus of mitogen or only under NSCs self-regulation and self-induction;(2)NSCs derived from hippocampus maintain the character of stem cells much longer with better biological behavior; NSCs passed to the 2-3 passage are the best to graft since they have not differentiated;(3)NSCs cultured in vitro could self-regulate and differentiate into neurospheres and progenitors positively immunoreactive to specific antibodies representing neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells;(4)There are widespread synaptic contacts between various kinds of descendent clones and cells;(5)Neurospheres could be formed without the stimulus of mitogen when NSCs and OECs are cocultured. Many neurospheres and cells immunoreactive to Vimentin, GFAP, MAP2, 02, p75NGFR, GFAP, S-100, Synaptosis, Vimentin, Tau (Tau is only positive in cocultureof HNSCs+HOECs) could be found;(6)The supernatant fluid triturated from adult rat spinal cord stimulates NSCs to differentiate into neurons, but do not terminally differentiate;(7)Fibroblasts and O4 oligodendrocytes are not supported to grow under this culture medium.Part II: Isolation, culture and identification of rat and human olfactory ensheathing cellsOlfactory ensheathing cells/glials are the most powerful cells to enable the regeneration of axons in the central nervous system.

结果表明：①在适宜的浓度体外培养条件下，NSCs能形成典型的神经干细胞克隆球，Vimentin免疫荧光染色阳性，单靠丝裂原刺激或NSCs自我调节和分化诱导，不会产生典型的终末分化的成熟神经细胞；②海马源性的NSCs维持干细胞特性的时间更长，生物学特性更优；③传至第2～3代的NSCs尚未分化时移植最佳；④体外培养的NSCs能自我调控分化为神经元、星形胶质细胞、O2少突胶质细胞、雪旺氏细胞染色阳性克隆球和前体细胞；⑤各种子代克隆球和细胞存在广泛的突触联系；⑥NSCs与OECs联合培养时，不需丝裂原刺激即能形成克隆球，获得大量Vimentin、GFAP、MAP2、O2、p75NGFR、GFAP、S-100、Synaptosis、Vimentin、Tau(Tau只有人HNSCs+HOECs联合培养时出现阳染)染色阳性的克隆球和细胞；⑦脊髓研磨后的上清液刺激神经干细胞向神经元方向分化，但并不出现终末分化；⑧本研究培养条件不利于成纤维细胞、O4生长。

Methods The clinical application of 25 normal subjects were stimulated at 1Hz at stimulus intensities corresponding to threshold, recording from the abductor pollicis brevis muscle belly.

25例健康个体，于正中神经腕点处刺激，在拇短展肌肌腹内接收，刺激频率为1 Hz，刺激强度为阈强度上下。

Cynanchum Lingtai apricot production in the average weight 65 grams, the brightly-colored fruit, juicy rich, sweet-sour taste, sweet from the nucleolus, when the late Qing Dynasty famous Shaanxi, Gansu provinces, the Qing imperial court Tongzhi tribute for years.

灵台生产的牛心杏平均单果重65克，果实色泽鲜艳，汁多味浓，甜酸适口，离核仁甜，清末时就驰名陕、甘两省，清同治年间曾为朝廷贡品。

Chenopodium album,Solanum nigrum, and Amaranthus retroflexus were very susceptible to the herbicides. Polygonum persicaria and Abutilon theophrasti were relatively less susceptible to the herbicides, and Lycopersicon esculentum was not susceptible to it. The relationship between reduction rates of weed biomass and PPM values of weed leaves 2,4, and 6 days after treatment was established.

供试的6种杂草对该混剂的敏感性存在显著差异：红心藜Chenopodium album、龙葵Solanum nigrum和反枝苋Amaranthus retroflexus对该混剂最敏感，ED90值分别为47.65、71.67和29.17g/hm2；春蓼Polygonum persicaria和苘麻Abutilon theophrasti敏感，ED90值分别为96.91、114.20g/hm2；而番茄不敏感。