农民

However, many problems have appeared abroad during expropriating the countrys collective land, and infringe directly the prime interests of country collective or countrymen, aggrieve the essential rights of farmers. All these will result in severe social stabilization issue.

然而当前我国各地在征用农村集体土地时出现了大量的问题，直接影响了农村集体和农民的根本利益、侵害了农民的基本权利，引发了极为严重的社会稳定问题。

In the situation of being lack of agronomist and technician in most of our country's rural area, a agronomist service platform that based on SMS technology by using mobile as the terminal of agricultural information service will build a fast, convenient, and functional communication channel between the agronomist, the new agricultural technology, the new achievements and the peasant.

摘 要：我国广大农村地区缺乏农业专家和技术人员，构建基于短信技术的农业专家服务平台，将手机作为农业信息服务"最后一公里"的终端，能够为农业专家、农业新技术、新成果与农民之间搭建一个快速、方便、实用的沟通渠道，让助农服务的科技、技术、市场信息真正走进平常农民家庭。

It is the only way for countrysides' social stablity to strengthen peasants' self - manage ment and self - prevention. During the period of economic system's changing course, plenty of countrysides' surplus laborists turn to non - agricultural industry.

在经济体制转轨时期，大量农村剩余劳动力向非农产业转移，农民生存空间和农民需求随之发生了质的变化，产生了诱发农民犯罪的诸多因素。

Greek right, the right member of gentry imposed on the farmers who are the heavy yoke, their ethical dimensions, the detention in the context of traditional thinking; At the same time, rural farmers rent out land relations will tie in the land, can not escape.

族权、绅权同样是强加在农民身上的沉重枷锁，它们在道德层面上将农民禁锢在传统思想范围内；同时，农村的租佃关系将农民束缚在土地上，无法摆脱。

Because of the low efficiency of economy collectivization, collective property rights can"t last for a long time and central government has to communicate with community and peasants. Rural community collective property rights become subjective through balancing benefits by formal or informal trading. With the changes of political and economical environment, the contradiction of rural community property rights between fair and efficiency become more and more serious. Collective lands and collective enterprises advance to privatization gradually. There are two kinds of country collective property rights in the history of its evolution, one offer community common good and the other satisfy peasants" private demand. The collective property rights institution improvement brings efficiency because it privatizes the latter. Because of the limit of industrialization and civilization, land is still the last social welfare of peasants, so rural community must attain the collective property rights to control the pressure of population. Also community has to get money from collective economy.

本文分析的思路是；由于制度变迁的&路径依赖&，农村社区之间的利益分配边界在解放以后得以保持并在集体化过程中得到加强，为社区获得排他性集体产权奠定了基础；由于国家对农村经济的集体化效率极低而不可能长期维持，国家不得不与社区和农民对话，通过正式或非正式的交易平衡多方利益，社区集体产权获得实质性内容；随着政治、经济等环境的不断变化，社区集体产权公平与效率之间的矛盾同益明显，集体土地和集体企业逐渐朝私有化的方向发展；从农村社区集体产权制度变迁的历史来看，集体产权实际上包含两种形式：提供社区公共物品和满足社区农民个人需求，每一次集体产权的制度创新，都是使后者&私有化&而提高了集体经济的效率；但是，受我国工业化和城市化进程缓慢的制约，土地依然是农民最后的生存保障，农村社区必须保持对土地的集体产权以调节人口变化对土地的压力，社区组织行使职能也必须有一定的集体经济提供资金支持。

Moreover, regarding the boom town, its expense main force is the factory hand, looked on present's actual situation, the pure farmer does not adapt the modern big industry to the labor force demand, because the pure farmer grasps insufficiently to the new knowledge skill, simultaneously as a result of small peasant economy's influence, the farmer sense of discipline is bad, lacks the cooperation based on division of labor spirit, this will also affect the work efficiency.

而且，对于新兴城市来说，其消费主力是工厂工人，就现在的实际情况看，纯粹的农民是不适应现代大工业对劳动力的需求的，因为纯粹的农民对新知识技能掌握得不够，同时由于小农经济的影响，农民纪律性较差，缺乏分工协作精神，这也会影响到工作的效率。

He told them that steps would very shortly be taken for the complete liberation of his peasants from serfdom, that till that time his peasants were not to be overburdened with labour, that the women with children were not to be sent out to work, that assistance was to be given to the peasants, that wrong-doing was to be met with admonishment, and not with corporal punishment; and that on every estate there must be founded hospitals, almshouses, and schools.

他对他们说，应该即将采取措施，以彻底解放农民，使其摆脱农奴制的依赖关系，届时不应加重农民的劳动负担，不宜将妇女、儿童送去从事劳动，务宜给予农民以帮助，处罚应用以规劝，而不应采用肉刑，于各个领地设立医院、孤儿院、养老院和学校。

Through the study of peasant land market in the fifteenth to the sixteenth century, we can realize the situation of peasant tenure and the development of the land ownership of individualists.

通过对15～16世纪英国农民土地市场的研究，可以使我们进一步认识此时期英国农民的土地保有状况，认识个体农民的土地所有权得到了如何的发展。

With the deepening of our urbanization the population of peasants resulted by land expropriation increases day by day and most of their living employment and social security matters are unsettled. the serious damage of legal rights to peasants who have lost their land has affected the normed urbanization and the stability of the society.

概要：土地征用中农民权益保护问题的研究摘要：随着我国城市化进程的不断深入，因征地而失地的农民数量日益增长，其中大多数人的生活、就业和社会保障等问题没有得到妥善解决，失地农民的合法权益受到了严重的损害，。。。

Firstly, the dissertation simply introduced typical foreign farmer cooperatives and take North American, Holland and Japan for example, stating the feature of their operating model and the enlightenment to Chinese FSCO.

本文首先简要介绍了国外农民合作经济组织三种典型类型，从中选取北美、荷兰和日本三个地区和国家，分别阐述他们的农民合作组织经营模式特征及对中国农民专业合作社发展的启示。

If you are unfortunate enough to the lovelorn, please tell me, I will help you out, really, please contact me!

如果你不幸失恋了，请告诉我，我会帮助你摆脱困境，真的，请联系我啦！

China's plan to cut energy intensity by 20 percent and pollutant discharges by 10 percent between 2006 and 2010 is a case in point.

中国计划在2006年到2010间降低20%的能源强度和减少10%的主要污染物排放，就是一个这样的例子。