具体的

The Frechet derivative of the cost function is determined via the solution of an adjoint partial differential equation, and the boundary shape is then modified in a direction of descent. This process is repeated until an optimum solution is approached. The advantage is that the cost function variation is independent of the flow field variation, with the result that the gradient of cost function with respect to arbitrary number of design variables can be determined without the need for additional flow-field evaluations. So each design cycle requires the numerical solution of both the flow and the adjoint equations leading to a computational cost roughly equal to the cost of two flow solutions.

虽然他们的研究成果大多数都可以在公开性文献上看到，但是其中一些具体的细节问题的处理方法却没有透露，比如：伴随方程如何离散求解才能减小最终梯度计算中的误差，使得设计过程有效地进行；伴随方程与流动方程的边界条件是不同的，如何合理地处理伴随方程的边界条件，才能推动设计过程朝着设计目标而发展；在减阻问题中目标函数如何定义，求解梯度的具体数学公式如何推导，如何通过数值方法来实现它们等。

The modern physics development by to the concrete material embodiment inspection, moved towards to the abstract material abstract research, namely from specially moves towards general, its utilizes the mathematical instrument is also same, moves towards mathematics from physical mathematics physics, already developed the abstract algebra and the general analysis situs, from bad on the one hand said, the physicist because of lost the concrete material object to change confusedly, was at a loss how to proceed, from was good on the one hand says, the research technique from specially moved towards general, also caused its thinking mode to have the return, tended to the philosophy, this speaking of the physics, was one kind of significant crisis, but at the same time, Also is a brand-new development turning point.

现代物理学的发展已由对具体物质的具象考察，走向对抽象物质的抽象研究，即从特殊走向一般，其所运用的数学工具也一样，从物理的数学走向数学的物理，已经发展到抽象代数和一般拓扑学，从坏的一方面讲，物理学家因失去了具体的物质对象而变得迷茫，无所适从，从好的一方面讲，研究方法的从特殊走向一般，也使其思维方式发生了回归，趋向于哲学，这对物理学而言，是一种重大危机，但与此同时，也是一个全新的发展契机。

Taking a regional logistics industry as an instance,from the view of quantitative and qualitative character,the weights of related indicators are computed by combinatorial evaluation method .

基于物流产业的涵义和特点提出了产业竞争力的概念，根据物流产业的现状，提出了物流产业竞争力评价的多层指标体系，列举了主要的评价方法和具体步骤；针对具体的实例，从定性和定量两个角度，运用组合评价法确定了相关指标的权重，借助多层模糊评价法对一级指标进行了评价分析，有助于区域物流产业核心竞争力的确定。

The prima facie showing must contain the following elements:(1) An explanation that clearly sets forth the reasoning used in concluding that the asserted specific and substantial utility is not credible;(2) Support for factual findings relied upon in reaching this conclusion; and(3) An evaluation of all relevant evidence of record, including utility taught in the cosset prior art.

b在描述的具体与实在的实用性是不可信的时，必须确立所属技术领域的技术人员更可能不忍卫生情人对要求专利权的发明所属的任何具体的和实在的实用性是可信的初步认识。

This article is based on the writer's teaching of years, using the research production of the diversity. Combing our country's features, the writer tries to perfect the diversity factor in the system of class teaching, do some microcosimic research about teaching strategy and teaching mode in the field of teaching designing and provide a substantial and practical """"""""diversity teaching mode"""""""" and """"""""diversity teaching strategy"""""""" as well as clarifying some opinions.""""""""

本文在笔者多年的教学实践的基础上，借鉴国内外对教学差异中差异因素的研究成果，结合我国的具体特点，试图逐步完善班级授课制下差异因素的研究，并在教学设计领域中针对教学策略和教学模式进行微观具体的研究，从而阐发自己的一些观点并提出一种具有实效性、可行性的"差异教学"模式及"差异教学"策略。

Finally introduces the define and realization of member variable and member function of class ...

文中首先对面向对象的概念，用户界面设计以及二者之间的关系进行阐述，提出运用面向对象的用户界面设计方法时遵循的原则，然后具体介绍空管辅助系统中用户界面的设计思想和具体的实现方法，最后给出一个主要的界面类———窗口类的成员变量和成员函数定义以及实现。

This text passes the background of analyzing the times, through perspectivity , summary practising , analysis of theory of history, pass and cut the concrete incident too, the body of apparatus and realistic visual angle, the ones that analyze and perspect the jurist that take the place of now are real and right and should be right.

本文通过分析时代的背景，通过历史的透视、实践的总结、理论的分析，也通过切入具体的事件，用具体和现实的视角，分析和透视现时代的法学家的实然和应然。

Chapter 4 is a design regarding the Anti-circumvention legislation of China, including the analysis of the necessity and urgency of perfection of our legislation, introduction of the current legislation and practice situation in China, detailed system design respecting our Anti-circumvention legislation in principle, substantive provision and procedure provision on the basis of the specific situation in China as well as the proposals to handle the potential circumvention in the reexport trade from the Separate Customs Territory especially Hongkong to mainland.

第四章主要对我国反规避立法的构建进行了制度设计。分析了完善我国反规避立法的必要性和紧迫性，介绍了当前我国反规避立法及实践的现状；结合我国具体国情就我国反规避立法的原则、实体规定及程序规定各方面对我国的反规避立法进行了具体的制度设计；对通过我国单独关税区主要是香港向内地的转口贸易中可能存在的规避行为的应对提出了建议。

It studies concrete language varieties under the concrete context of situation and context of culture, and integrates ideational meaning, interpersonal meaning and textual meaning organically to explain the nature and use of language. In essence, it takes both intralinguistic and extralinguistic meaning into consideration, which is the guarantee in achieving the meaning transferring successfully.

语域理论将具体的语言变体放在具体的文化语境和情景语境中进行研究，将语言的概念意义，人际意义及语篇意义有机地结合起来，进行理解和解释，实际上就是同时兼顾了语言内部的纯语言意义与语言的社会意义与功能。

In Russia, there was a fundamental difference between the contradiction resolved by the February Revolution and the contradiction resolved by the October Revolution, as well as between the methods used to resolve them.

所谓了解矛盾的各个方面，就是了解它们每一方面各占何等特定的地位，各用何种具体形式和对方发生互相依存又互相矛盾的关系，在互相依存又互相矛盾中，以及依存破裂后，又各用何种具体的方法和对方作斗争。研究这些问题，是十分重要的事情。

Cynanchum Lingtai apricot production in the average weight 65 grams, the brightly-colored fruit, juicy rich, sweet-sour taste, sweet from the nucleolus, when the late Qing Dynasty famous Shaanxi, Gansu provinces, the Qing imperial court Tongzhi tribute for years.

灵台生产的牛心杏平均单果重65克，果实色泽鲜艳，汁多味浓，甜酸适口，离核仁甜，清末时就驰名陕、甘两省，清同治年间曾为朝廷贡品。

Chenopodium album,Solanum nigrum, and Amaranthus retroflexus were very susceptible to the herbicides. Polygonum persicaria and Abutilon theophrasti were relatively less susceptible to the herbicides, and Lycopersicon esculentum was not susceptible to it. The relationship between reduction rates of weed biomass and PPM values of weed leaves 2,4, and 6 days after treatment was established.

供试的6种杂草对该混剂的敏感性存在显著差异：红心藜Chenopodium album、龙葵Solanum nigrum和反枝苋Amaranthus retroflexus对该混剂最敏感，ED90值分别为47.65、71.67和29.17g/hm2；春蓼Polygonum persicaria和苘麻Abutilon theophrasti敏感，ED90值分别为96.91、114.20g/hm2；而番茄不敏感。