公平

Every one want to say that the decreasing more than 60％ is abnormal.

论到公平，我们有很多不公平的地方，市场上也没有绝对的公平。

If the company and the dissentient shareholders fail to agree the price within 30 days of the fair value offer, then within 20 days of the expiry of the negotiation period the company must apply to the Grand Court to determine the fair value of the shares held by all dissentient shareholders who have served a notice of dissent and who have not agreed the fair value with the company.

假如于出价后的30天内，公司与持异议股东仍未能就公平价值达成协议，那么于商议期届满后的20天内，公司必须向大法院提出申请，要求由大法院来为所有送达了异议通知书，且未能与公司就公平价值达成协议的持异议股东所持有的股份厘定其公平价值。

Heraclitus:To God all things are beautiful and good and just, but humans have supposed some unjust and others just.

对神来说，所有事物都是美丽的、十足的和公平的；但人类，却认为有些不公平，有些公平。

The use of unfair investigatory or accusatory methods in order to suppress opposition.

使用不公平的方法；这是个不公平的审判；占据了不公平的优势。

The security of PKI system itself is especially emphasized during the system design and implementation process, which is in accordance with the pervasive characteristic of PKI. Second, the concept of a Trusted Key Management Center is introduced for the first time. This technology greatly strengthens key management practices and allows for smooth transition from PKI to Key Management Infrastructure. Third, certificate status mechanisms are investigated in depth, and a certificate revocation performance simulation system is devised. All these work will provide guides to practice and employment of PKI applications. Based on time constraints, a new taxonomy for authenticated dictionaries is proposed. Fourth, formal analysis ofOCSP protocol is carried out; then an efficient and scalable OCSP system is developed. Fifth, the special requirements caused by the working environments of Wireless PKI are analyzed. Based on communicative hashing and dynamic Merkle hash tree, an efficient certificate status validation method suitable for WPKI is presented. Sixth, one important kind of fair exchange protocols is studied, and a new CEMBS based on RSA cryptosystem is proposed. Afterwards, a novel fair exchange protocol totally based on RSA signature scheme is devised.

在系统设计和实现的过程中，考虑到PKI作为普适性安全基础平台的特点，特别强调PKI系统自身的安全性；第二，首次在PKI系统的设计中提出了"可信密钥管理中心"的概念，这一独特设计大大地强化了密钥管理功能的实施，为PKI向密钥管理基础设施的平滑过渡提供了良好的技术准备；第三，对证书状态验证机制进行了深入研究，设计了证书状态模拟系统，以指导PKI系统和应用的部署和实施；在此基础上，基于时间约束首次给出了认证字典的一种新的分类方法；第四，对OCSP协议进行了形式化分析，设计和实现了一种高效、可扩展的OCSP系统；第五，分析了WPKI工作环境对设计安全基础平台提出的特殊要求，结合无线移动设备的具体特点，基于可交换杂凑函数和动态Merkle杂凑树设计出了一种适用于WPKI环境的高效证书状态查询机制；第六，对一类公平交换协议进行了深入的研究，从设计公平交换协议的密码基础结构出发，提出了一种新型的基于RSA密码体制的高效CEMBS；在此工作的基础上，设计了一种基于RSA密码体制的最优化公平交换协议。

The security of PKI system itself is especially emphasized during the system design and implementation process, which is in accordance with the pervasive characteristic of PKI. Second, the concept of a Trusted Key Management Center is introduced for the first time. This technology greatly strengthens key management practices and allows for smooth transition from PKI to Key Management Infrastructure . Third, certificate status mechanisms are investigated in depth, and a certificate revocation performance simulation system is devised. All these work will provide guides to practice and employment of PKI applications. Based on time constraints, a new taxonomy for authenticated dictionaries is proposed. Fourth, formal analysis of OCSP protocol is carried out; then an efficient and scalable OCSP system is developed. Fifth, the special requirements caused by the working environments of Wireless PKI are analyzed. Based on communicative hashing and dynamic Merkle hash tree, an efficient certificate status validation method suitable for WPKI is presented. Sixth, one important kind of fair exchange protocols is studied, and a new CEMBS based on RSA cryptosystem is proposed. Afterwards, a novel fair exchange protocol totally based on RSA signature scheme is devised.

在系统设计和实现的过程中，考虑到PKI作为普适性安全基础平台的特点，特别强调PKI系统自身的安全性；第二，首次在PKI系统的设计中提出了"可信密钥管理中心"的概念，这一独特设计大大地强化了密钥管理功能的实施，为PKI向密钥管理基础设施的平滑过渡提供了良好的技术准备；第三，对证书状态验证机制进行了深入研究，设计了证书状态模拟系统，以指导PKI系统和应用的部署和实施；在此基础上，基于时间约束首次给出了认证字典的一种新的分类方法；第四，对OCSP协议进行了形式化分析，设计和实现了一种高效、可扩展的OCSP系统；第五，分析了WPKI工作环境对设计安全基础平台提出的特殊要求，结合无线移动设备的具体特点，基于可交换杂凑函数和动态Merkle杂凑树设计出了一种适用于WPKI环境的高效证书状态查询机制；第六，对一类公平交换协议进行了深入的研究，从设计公平交换协议的密码基础结构出发，提出了一种新型的基于RSA密码体制的高效CEMBS；在此工作的基础上，设计了一种基于RSA密码体制的最优化公平交换协议。

From the dynamic perspective, the equity of competition in market economy includes both the one of competition starting-point and the one of process.

从动态的视角来看，市场经济中的竞争公平包括竞争起点的公平和竞争过程的公平。

There are four chapters in this article. The first chapter introduced the essence of the educational policy and why the educational policy should use educational equity as the kernel value tendency. The second chapter analyzed educational equity in Martin Trows theory about mass higher education and in Coleman and Husen's researches, and then constructed the analytical framework of China's higher educational policies on educational equity. The third chapter analyzed higher education cost-recovery policy and higher education enrollment expansion, reviewed them from equal enrollment opportunity, equal proportion of participating in higher education in every state and equal quality of higher education. The fourth chapter analyzed the factor of influence China's higher education policies realizing educational equity and advanced the suggestions of policies from idea transformation, construction by law, policy improvement.

本文分为四个部分，第一部分主要介绍政策的本质以及教育政策为什么要以教育公平为其核心的价值取向；第二部分主要是理论分析，借鉴马丁·特罗高等教育大众化理论中的教育公平观和科尔曼、胡森等人的教育公平观，构建起我国高等教育政策公平性分析的理论框架；第三部分则是实证分析，主要是对我国的高校收费政策和高校扩招政策进行分析，从入学机会均等、各个阶层参与高等教育的人数比例均等以及人们接受的高等教育均平等三个方面进行考察；第四部分分析影响我国高等教育政策实现公平的内外部因素，并从理念变革、法治建设以及政策改进等方面提出相关的政策建议。

Procedure equity is the phoniness that procedure equity is down on its uppers by doctrinal analysis.

通过程序公平这个集合中的元素之间的学理分析，得出程序公平的虚假性，这里的虚假性是程序公平实现的一种尴尬和一种困境；同时，程序公平是教育政策制定中重要的一种制度安排的追求和结果。

Because the higher education is a kind Quasi- public product provided with both commonality and exclusion. With regard to equality and efficiency of the higher education, we cannot simply judge by "efficiency first, equity second"or"equity first, efficiency second".

由于高等教育是一种既具有公共性又有排他性的准公共产品，对于高等教育的公平与效率问题，不能简单地以&效率优先，兼顾公平&或者&公平优先，兼顾效率&论处，我国现实存在的高等教育公平与效率问题有力地说明了对此应该视具体情况而定。

If you are unfortunate enough to the lovelorn, please tell me, I will help you out, really, please contact me!

如果你不幸失恋了，请告诉我，我会帮助你摆脱困境，真的，请联系我啦！

China's plan to cut energy intensity by 20 percent and pollutant discharges by 10 percent between 2006 and 2010 is a case in point.

中国计划在2006年到2010间降低20%的能源强度和减少10%的主要污染物排放，就是一个这样的例子。