使加速

Specifically, itcontains 8 chapters.In chapter 1, the formation, structures, properties and the futureprospect of liposome were thoroughly reviewed;In chapter 2, the stibility and permeability of phopholipid -eleostericacid liposome were studied together with the effect of polymerizationof eleostearic acid. This membrane system was very sensitive to 〓,the effect of 〓 was clarified to increase the aggregation/fusion ofliposomes and made the permeability of mixed liposomes much higher;In chapter 3, two polymerizable conjugated diyne bolaamphiphiles were synthesized. They could form very stable mixed liposome, andthe diyne could be polymerized by UV light in bilayer liposomes, as aresult, the stability of mixed liposome against solvent or surfactantafter polymerization were enhanced. In chapter 4, two kinds of amphiphilic amino acids were synthesized andstable liposomes were formed therefrom After the condensationpolymerization of amino acid in bilayer liposomes, stable polypeptide liposomes were obtained, which had lower phase transition temperatureand higher permeability.In chapter 5, four kinds of glycolipids were synthesized and theiraggregation behavior in water was comparied. When incorporated intophospholipid bilayer membranes, they could increase the phase transitiontemperatures and inhibit the aggregation and fusion of mixedliposomesat lower temperature.In chapter 6 and 7, three kinds of steroidal bolaamphiphiles withdifferent chain lengths were synthesized. Incorporation of steroidalmoiety to the center of lipid bilayer membrane obviously increased themobility of lipid membrane and shifted Tc to lower temperature side incomparasion with cholesterol. The bolaamphiphile which was shorter thanthe hosted lipid bilayer membrane thickness influenced the lipid packingmore obviously.

全文共分8章：第一章对脂质体的形成、结构、性质及展望进行了较为详细的文献综述；第二章研究了磷脂-桐酸脂质体的稳定性，通透能力及桐酸的聚合对这些性质的影响；磷脂-桐酸混合脂质体为一类对〓灵敏的脂质体，〓的作用首先是使脂质体集聚然后使脂质体融合，并加速内包荧光物的释放；第三章通过合成两种可聚合共轭双炔双极性双亲分子DDCA，DDOL，研究了共双炔分子在双分子层脂质体膜上的聚合及对脂质体性质的影响，聚合可以提高脂质体相对于溶剂及表面活性剂的稳定性；第四章合成了两类氨基酸为极性基团的双亲分子，它们均可以在超声下形成稳定的脂质体结构；氨基酸基团可以在脂质体上进行缩聚反应，若聚合后脂质体表面仍有足够的亲水能力，则可得到稳定的多肽型脂质体；聚合后脂质体的相变温度降低，通透能力增加；第五章合成了四种亲水基团为单糖基的双亲分子GL-l，GL-2，GL-3， GL-4，研究了它们在水中的分散情况、集合体形态与分子结构的关系；在DMPC双分子层膜中加入糖脂分子可以使脂质体的相变温度提高，阻止脂质体在低温放置时的集聚与融合；第六章-第七章合成了三种不同碳链长度的双极性含胆甾环双亲分子 CL-1，CL-2，CL-3；它们可以象胆固醇一样与磷脂混合形成稳定脂质体，胆甾环基团位于脂质体双分子层膜的中间；与胆固醇的作用相反，它们可以增加磷脂双分子层膜的流动性，降低混合脂质体的相变温度；三种分子的作用与其碳链长度和磷脂双分子层膜的厚度有关，比膜厚度短的分子影响最大。

The effects of the surfactants, trioctyl phosphine oxide, sodium dodecyl sulfonate and hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, on the extraction rate of Co^2^+ were investigated. The acceleration in the kinetics in contributed to the associated molecule~2 TOPO taking part in the extraction process directly. The decrement effects of SDS or CTMAB on the rate of extraction kinetics of Co^2^+ with HDEHP were also observed, which caused by the adsorption of molecules of SDS or CTMAB on the interface and decreased the interfacial adsorption amount of HDEHP. In addition, the extraction rate was reduced by a bigger margin in HDEHP-SDS system. This can be explained in terms of the formation of an electric field at the interface.

研究体系中加入不同表面活性剂所引起萃取速率的不同改变：三辛基氧化膦因与HDEHP形成可萃取的Co^2^+活性分子缔合物，降低了萃取过程活化能而使反应加速；十二烷基磺酸钠和十六烷基三甲基溴化铵因占据发生萃取反应的界面区，减小了HDEHP与Co^2^+反应的机会而使反应减速； SDS还因其在界面形成较强的负电场，造成Co^2^+的附加势能而使萃取速率有更大幅度的降低。

The features of carrier induction crystallization are that a large amount of the grains of suitable carrier are added in precipitation reaction system, the grains speed reaction up, precipitates sedimentate with the grains and the time of precipitation process is shorten.

载体诱导沉淀结晶技术的特点是在沉淀反应体系中人为地加入大量合适的诱晶载体粒子，使沉淀反应加速，并使沉淀物随诱晶载体粒子一起沉降，从而使化学沉淀工艺时间大大缩短。

Its function is:①Changing gear ratio,expanding the torque of the driving wheel and the range of the rotational speed,to adapt the travel condition which frequently changes, like start, acceleration, climbing and so on, simultaneously causes the engine to work under the advantageous operating mode;②Under the premise of the invariable rotation, enables the automobile to travel back;③Using neutral, severances the power transmission, to make the engine start, idle, and is advantageous for the engine to shift gears or to carry on the dynamic output.

它功用是：①改变传动比，扩大驱动轮转矩和转速的变化范围，以适应经常变化的行驶条件，如起步、加速、上坡等，同时使发动机在有利的工况下工作；②在发动机旋转方向不变的前提下，使汽车能倒退行驶；③利用空档，中断动力传递，以使发动机能够起动、怠速，并便于发动机换档或进行动力输出。

The combined intervention on the brakes and engine stabilises the traction when accelerating, and a stabilised and controlled opening of the throttle is activated when shift ing down or if the accelerator pedal is suddenly released between 0 and 120 km/h

这一功能使制动器和发动机都受到干预，两者之结合就可在加速过程中提供提供稳定的牵引力，而在换到低速档时或者如果加速踏板在0速和120公里/小时(约70英里/小时)之间突然松释时，又可触发油门在控制下稳定地打开。

The combined intervention on the brake s and engine stabilises the traction when accelerating, and a stabilised and controlled opening of the throttle is activated when shifting down or if the accelerator pedal is suddenly released between 0 and 120 km/h

这一功能使制动器和发动机都受到干预，两者之结合就可在加速过程中提供提供稳定的牵引力，而在换到低速档时或者如果加速踏板在0速和120公里/小时(约70英里/小时)之间突然松释时，又可触发油门在控制下稳定地打开。

The combined intervention on the brakes and engine stabilises the traction when accelerating, and a stabilised and controlled opening of the throttle is activated when shifting down or if the accelerator pedal is suddenly release d between 0 and 120 km/h

这一功能使制动器和发动机都受到干预，两者之结合就可在加速过程中提供提供稳定的牵引力，而在换到低速档时或者如果加速踏板在0速和120公里/小时(约70英里/小时)之间突然松释时，又可触发油门在控制下稳定地打开。

The combined intervention on the brakes and engine stabilises the traction when accelerating , and a stabilised and controlled opening of the throttle is activated when shifting down or if the accelerator pedal is suddenly released between 0 and 120 km/h

这一功能使制动器和发动机都受到干预，两者之结合就可在加速过程中提供提供稳定的牵引力，而在换到低速档时或者如果加速踏板在0速和120公里/小时(约70英里/小时)之间突然松释时，又可触发油门在控制下稳定地打开。

The combined intervention on the brakes and engine stabilises the traction when accelerating, and a stabilised and controlled opening of the throttle is activate d when shifting down or if the accelerator pedal is suddenly released between 0 and 120 km/h

这一功能使制动器和发动机都受到干预，两者之结合就可在加速过程中提供提供稳定的牵引力，而在换到低速档时或者如果加速踏板在0速和120公里/小时(约70英里/小时)之间突然松释时，又可触发油门在控制下稳定地打开。

In addition, in the experimental region, the capacity decreased with temperature span increase and the flow rate increase; the increase of flow time caused a rapid decrease of capacity; the capacity in the temperature range spanning the Curie point was larger than that in the temperature range below the Curie point.

对温度区间、温度跨度、流动时间和流量几种情况的研究表明在实验范围内，温度跨度和流量的增大会使制冷量减小，流动时间的增加会使制冷量加速减小，温度区间跨越居里点能使制冷量有所增大。

Cynanchum Lingtai apricot production in the average weight 65 grams, the brightly-colored fruit, juicy rich, sweet-sour taste, sweet from the nucleolus, when the late Qing Dynasty famous Shaanxi, Gansu provinces, the Qing imperial court Tongzhi tribute for years.

灵台生产的牛心杏平均单果重65克，果实色泽鲜艳，汁多味浓，甜酸适口，离核仁甜，清末时就驰名陕、甘两省，清同治年间曾为朝廷贡品。

Chenopodium album,Solanum nigrum, and Amaranthus retroflexus were very susceptible to the herbicides. Polygonum persicaria and Abutilon theophrasti were relatively less susceptible to the herbicides, and Lycopersicon esculentum was not susceptible to it. The relationship between reduction rates of weed biomass and PPM values of weed leaves 2,4, and 6 days after treatment was established.

供试的6种杂草对该混剂的敏感性存在显著差异：红心藜Chenopodium album、龙葵Solanum nigrum和反枝苋Amaranthus retroflexus对该混剂最敏感，ED90值分别为47.65、71.67和29.17g/hm2；春蓼Polygonum persicaria和苘麻Abutilon theophrasti敏感，ED90值分别为96.91、114.20g/hm2；而番茄不敏感。