低能级

In contrast, the concentration of deep defects is very low in annealed undoped InP and the doping of Fe acceptor by diffusion acts as the only compensation centre to pin the Fermi level, resulting in excellent electrical performance.

相比之下，非掺退火半绝缘InP材料中深能级缺陷浓度很低，通过扩散掺入的铁受主作为唯一的补偿中心钉扎费米能级，因而表现出优异的电学性质。

Outside the atom the electron cloud has the track, according to leaves nucleus far or near differently, these orbits are divided into several levels, the more lower energy level the more near to nuclear.

原子外面的电子云运行是有轨道的，按照离原子核的远近不同，这些轨道被分为几层，离原子核越近能级越低。

Both cases are acompanied by the light-emission from the transition from higher excited-state to lower excited-state, and the total superfluous band energy of nuclear system is released by means of excited element, and an energy level appears in the ground-state band, which signifies a quantum phase transition.

基于微观IBM理论，提出转动诱导出玻色子量子相变的一种可能途径：一旦原子核在受到高能激发或作快速旋转时，假如外界提供的能量足以使玻色子完成拆对顺排，则核处于集体相与单粒子态的共存相，其特征是出现较密集的能谱；假如能量不足以完成拆对或顺排，可能发生两种情况之一，当核旋转达到某个临界转动频率ω c时，或者一个高角动量的玻色子脱离"集体"而"游离"出来，或者发生一个高角动量的玻色子转变为一个低角动量的玻色子，核仍旧处于集体相；均会伴随出现光辐射，产生基态带的一条能级——相变信号。

In this dissertation, we optimized the thinkness of each layer of TFEL devices using the layered optimization method to obtain ZnS: Ce〓 TFEL devices. Accoding to the energy level structure of Ce〓, two criteria for distinguishing the EL of Ce〓 were found out, from which it was conduded that the TFEL of ZnS: Ce〓 comes from 5d→4f transition of Ce〓. The measurement of brightness waveform showed that the TFEL of ZnS: Ce〓 was the luminescence from independent centers. and there were the field induced-delocalization in this process anf it〓s the cause of low TFEL efficiency of ZnS: Ce〓. In this dissertation, different influence factors on TFEL of ZnS: Ce〓 were sdudied. The influence of different host lattice is different: The blue/green ratio of ZnS: Ce〓 in hexagonal system of ZnS is larger than that in cubic system of ZnS, and the TFEL peaks in hexagonal system of ZnS moves toward longer wavelength compared with that in cubic system of ZnS. The adding buffer layer was used in this stage. The solubility of Ce〓 in ZnS was small and it was another limit to TFEL brightness of ZnS: Ce〓 device. The solubility of Ce〓 increased ten times when using Li ions as flux, so that the TFEL brightness of ZnS: Ce〓 was enhanced. It was found that the appearing of ZnO in active layer improves the TFEL of ZnS: Ce〓: the brightness and the wave range of ZnS: Ce〓TFEL were enhanced.

本文采用TFEL的分层优化方案，优化组合了各膜层厚度，选择最佳制备条件，得到了ZnS：Ce〓的TFEL；根据Ce〓的能级结构，找到了判别Ce〓的EL的两个简单依据，并据此断定ZnS：Ce〓的TFEL的两个发射峰分别属于Ce〓的〓和〓跃迁；亮度波形测量表明ZnS：Ce〓的TFEL属于分立中心发光，分析认为在此过程中存在着较严重的场致离化，这也是ZnS：Ce〓的TFEL效率较低的一个原因；本文考查了影响ZnS：Ce〓的TFEL的各种因素，发现：基质的晶体结构对ZnS：Ce〓的TFEL有所影响，在六角相ZnS中Ce〓的TFEL优于立方相ZnS中Ce〓的TFEL：发射峰的蓝-绿比相对较大，且光谱向短波方向移动，在此项研究中本文采用了在发光层前增镀过渡层的办法，过渡层为六角晶相的ZnO；限制ZnS：Ce〓的TFEL器件亮度的一个原因是Ce〓在ZnS中的溶解度低，本文用Li离子作助溶剂增大了Ce〓的溶解度，增大幅度为一个量级，并且ZnS：Ce〓的TFEL亮度明显提高；从ZnS：Ce〓的TFEL光谱来看ZnS：Ce〓的TFEL波长覆盖范围较小，亮度也不高，达不到做为白色TFEL材料的要求，需要寻找新的白色TFEL材料；在研究ZnS：Ce〓的TFEL中还发现：发光层中ZnO的出现有利于ZnS：Ce〓的TFEL：发射峰变宽、亮度增大。

To conduct such research a new experimental apparatus was established.With this setup the two-photon excitation spectra of Barium and one-photonexcitation spectra of Strontium Rydberg atoms were recorded and identified.The Stark spectra of Strontium atoms showed the "l-mixing" and "n-mixing"features. By changing laser wavelength and external electric field strengthsimultaneously, the scaled-energy spectra of Strontium 〓 Rydberg atomsat constant scaled-energy ε=-3.00,-2.50 and -1.88 were recorded for thefirst time. The experimental spectra were Fourier transformed and yielded therecurrence spectra.

主要工作包括：建立了一套用于外电场原子光谱研究的原子束实验装置；获得了Ba原子的双光子、Sr原子的单光子零场激发谱，并对各谱线进行了标识；进行了Sr原子电场Stark效应研究，观察到了低场时能级角量子数"l"混合区及高场时主量子数"n"混合区的存在；首次获得了Sr原子在标度能量ε=-3.00、-2.50及-1.88时〓高Rydberg态电场标度能谱及傅立叶变换后的电子回归谱。

Based on them, we calculated precisely some enegy levels of P-wave and D-wave of a helium atom, presented and proved the general interdimensional degeneracies for a quantum N-body system, derived the general spherical spinor functions and the exact solution to the Dirac equation for the hydrogen atom, and proved uniformly the Levinson theorem for the Dirac equation in D-dimensions.

在此基础上，我们精确计算了氦原子P波和D波若干较低能级，建立和证明了量子N体系统不同维数状态间最普遍的简并，推导出任意 D 维空间广义球旋函数和Dirac方程氢原子的精确解，统一地提出和证明了任意 D维空间Dirac方程Levinson定理的一般形式。

The narrow band gap comonomer 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole acts as a powerful exciton trap which allows efficient energy transfer of the exciton from fluorene segment to benzothiazole unit in the copolymers.

其中，低能级的共聚单体2，1，3—苯噻唑在体系中充当激子陷阱，芴单元受激发而产生的激子会通过链内或链间能量转移的方式传递到苯噻唑单元。

The 1%-Ni-doped TiO_2 calcined at 400℃has the best photocatalic ability.An indigo carmine solution of 10 mg/L was completely photodegraded in 50 minutes in the presence of as-obtained photocatalyst under visible light.A series of structure analysis,such as XPS,TEM,are employed to investigate the structure of the Ni/TiO_2 composite in details.The results indicate that at the lower temperature,instead of the simple interface compounding reported by some references,the Ni ions could be inserted into the crystal lattice of TiO_2,and form the innovative material.

通过XPS、TEM等多种表征手段对镍掺杂纳米二氧化钛的结构与光(来源：6414A41BC论文网www.abclunwen.com)催化性能进行了深入分析研究，发现在较低温度下煅烧可以获得镍离子晶格掺杂而不是表面复合的新型材料，通过镍离子缺陷能级的引入改变了二氧化钛的能级结构，提高了材料可见光下的光催化氧化的效率。

This paper has researched that the price of poly-silicon will be dropped in 2008 for the demand and supply will be balanced at that time; the main production technique for solar grade poly-silicon will still be chemistry and the metallurgical refining will be a supplementary; China will gain a place in the production of poly-silicon in the world in 2010, but will be in trouble for the lack of mastery of the low-cost Semens technique, utilization of byproducts and technique of environment protection.

提出全球在2008年以后太阳能级多晶硅产能与太阳能硅电池的需求逐渐趋于平衡，供需矛盾缓和，价格开始回落；太阳能级多晶硅的主流生产工艺仍然是化学法，冶金精炼法将来能成为一种补充；至2010年中国的太阳能级多晶硅工业将在世界上占一席之地；但国内太阳能级多晶硅厂商在2010年尚不能掌握西门子法低成本工艺、副产品的综合利用及环保技术，将会陷入困境。

It can be easily doped high-quality n-type, but it is difficult to dope p-type. ZnO has largely failed to live up to its potential due to its "asymmetric doping" limitation, such as self-compensation, deep acceptor level, and low solubility of the acceptor dopants.

高质量的n型ZnO很容易实现，但是ZnO的p型掺杂由于其固有的极性却非常困难，这主要是因为ZnO中本征缺陷具有强烈的自补偿，受主元素在ZnO中多为深能级并且固溶度较低。

Cynanchum Lingtai apricot production in the average weight 65 grams, the brightly-colored fruit, juicy rich, sweet-sour taste, sweet from the nucleolus, when the late Qing Dynasty famous Shaanxi, Gansu provinces, the Qing imperial court Tongzhi tribute for years.

灵台生产的牛心杏平均单果重65克，果实色泽鲜艳，汁多味浓，甜酸适口，离核仁甜，清末时就驰名陕、甘两省，清同治年间曾为朝廷贡品。

Chenopodium album,Solanum nigrum, and Amaranthus retroflexus were very susceptible to the herbicides. Polygonum persicaria and Abutilon theophrasti were relatively less susceptible to the herbicides, and Lycopersicon esculentum was not susceptible to it. The relationship between reduction rates of weed biomass and PPM values of weed leaves 2,4, and 6 days after treatment was established.

供试的6种杂草对该混剂的敏感性存在显著差异：红心藜Chenopodium album、龙葵Solanum nigrum和反枝苋Amaranthus retroflexus对该混剂最敏感，ED90值分别为47.65、71.67和29.17g/hm2；春蓼Polygonum persicaria和苘麻Abutilon theophrasti敏感，ED90值分别为96.91、114.20g/hm2；而番茄不敏感。