估计误差

The examples indicate that the unkown line parameters can be estimated faster and more accurately with the proposed objective function and SPSO and the solving procedure relies less on the augmented jacobian matrix.

仿真算例表明：修正目标函数和SPSO算法能快速准确地估计线路参数，且可提高估计准确度和降低对量测系统参数可估计性的要求；取连续多次估计的均值，则可减小量测误差导致的参数估计偏差。

Thereby, these facts indicate that the SDE not only have better statistic properties but also have uniformly smaller mean square errors than ANOVAE in an available group of linear mixed models. The other significative following work is to generalize the idea of SDE to multivariate linear mixed model and obtain the SDE of variance component matrices which uniformly dominate the ANOVAE either.

对于含有一个随机效应的混合模型，目前文献中都仅讨论了方差分量的谱分解估计和ANOVA估计等价的充要条件，本文首次给出了方差分量的谱分解估计在均方误差意义下严格的优于ANOVA估计的理论结果，并推广到广义谱分解估计，从而说明谱分解估计不仅较ANOVA估计有更好的统计性质，而且在一类常用的模型下有更小的风险损失。

This article estimates the extreme loss distribution with extreme value theory, estimates the shape parameter with HKKP estimator, which is unbiased to small sample data, selects the right threshold by selecting smallest mean square error of the estimated cumulative distribution function and empirical cumulative distribution function and based on the extreme value theory method, this article estimates the extreme loss distribution and the p-percentile operational loss under certain believe range for Chinese commercial banks, then calculates the operational risk supervise capital.

本文利用极值理论对中国商业银行操作损失极端值分布进行估计，针对尾参数估计的来用传统Hill佑计对小样本数据容易产生偏倚的情况，提出了采用Hill佑计的改进―小样本无偏估计的HKKP佑计来估计操作损失的尾参数，针对由于阈值确定不准确导致结果偏差大的情况，采用最小化估计的累计概率分布与经验累计概率分布平均平方误差的方法确定较精确的阈值，估计出给定置信水平下操作风险损失的分位数，从而使得中国商业银行操作风险监管资本的测定成为可能。

The adaptive program is calculated by T-B stress recovery scheme and z-z error estimation, the error is estimated by energy norm of difference of recovery stress and meshless stress. If the local relative error exceeds the limit relative error, then new nodes will be generated at the high error area.

本研究的自适应方法采用TB应力平滑技术和Z-Z误差估计，利用平滑应力和无网格法所得应力解差值的能量范数来估算误差，如果局部相对误差超过了允许误差，则在高误差域插入新的离散点进行加密。

The second chapter mainly compares the superiority between ridge estimate and James-Stein estimate under the generalized mean squared errors criterion, and gives a improvement method about ridge estimate under growth curve model, and gives a comparison with ridge estimate.

论文第二章，在广义均方误差准则下比较了James -Stein估计和岭估计的优良性，又提出了生长曲线模型中参数岭估计的一种改进方法，并将提出的新估计与已有的岭估计作了比较。

In chapter three,we consider first order generalized difference scheme for linear Sobolev equation in two dimensions.Lp and W1,p-norm error estimates of the Ritz-Volterra projection u-Vhu and W1,p-norm super error estimate of uh-Vhu are made,so we obtain Lp and W1,p-norm error estimatesOf u-uh.

第三章考虑二维线性Sobolev方程的一阶广义差分格式，建立 Ritz－Volterra投影模误差估计和的模超收敛估计，从而得到的最优模误差估计。

In this paper, the bias of the ratio estimator and the estimateof mean square errors of this estimator with known numerator have been compared and discussed.

给出了分子已知情况下比率估计量的偏差和均方误差以及均方误差的估计，并对两类比率估计量进行了比较。

By using integral periodogram to estimate the spectral functions of a stationary time series, the invariance principle for the error process has been demonstrated either for Gaussian or non-Gaussian series.

用积分周期图估计平稳时间序列的谱函数，不论是高斯序列还是非高斯序列，其误差过程的不变原理都已被证明￣（［1］，［3］），许重光￣［5］采用自迥归谱估计的积分估计谱函数也证明了误差过程的不变原理成立。

In this chapter, not only Extensed ACD Model, which took higher-order moments、 strict stationarity、 geometric ergodicity and a-mixing property with exponential decay as its sufficient and included most of the present forms of ACD Models was expounded, Box-Cox transformation was carried out by figurate the parameter of ?

尽管关于ACD的实证研究已经十分丰富，却很少有人把注意力放在条件期间模型设定的测试上，本章探讨了关于ACD模型统计性质研究的最新成果，并研究采用两步法来测试条件期间模型的误差项的分布，第一步包括通过QML估计条件期间过程，以获得误差的一致估计；第二步衡量基准密度的参数和非参数估计与残差的风险率函数之间的紧密度。

In Chapter 2, we consider the error bound and the auxiliary problem algorithm for the generalized linear complementarity problem over a polyhedral cone: First, we give an absolute and a relative global error bound for GLCP and nondegenerate GLCP, respectively, and then we explore the properties of the solution set of the problem, based on which we establish another absolute and relative error bound for GLCP which is much exacter compared with the result above.

第二章主要研究了闭凸锥上广义线性互补问题的误差界及基于其上的一个求解GLCP的辅助问题算法：(1)给出了GLCP的全局绝对误差界和在有非退化解时的全局绝对误差界及其相对误差界；(2)对GLCP的解集结构进行了探讨，并利用得到的结果给出了GLCP的另一个全局绝对误差界和相对误差界估计；(3)我们提出了一个求解GLCP的辅助问题算法，并证明在适当条件下该算法具有全局收敛性。

I am sure after a few weeks of adaptation and familiarization I will have no difficulty in functioning on a daily basis in an English speaking society or in participating fully in graduate studies.

在大学的三年的学习生活不仅给予我自身的充实，更重要的是磨练和培养了我较强的自觉能力和严谨，踏实的作风以及不怕困难的精神，对未来充满了信心！

As the first volcanoes erupted, one of the gases that bellowed out was steam.

在第一批火山喷发时，喷出的气体之一就是水蒸汽。