乡村

This study describes the multi-facet systematic evolution of the said rural community from 1907 to 2007: from the perspective of ethnic culture, it has changed from a single ethnic cultural community of Yoghur(Ethnic Yugur\'s self-name) ethnic group into a multi-ethnic cultural community with Yoghur ethnic group as the dominating majority and embracing the ethnic groups of Han, Tibetan, Tu, Mongolian and Kazak; from the perspective of language, it has changed from a community where Yoghur and Tibetan languages dominated with the local Chinese dialect and the written Chinese language as the subordinate into one where the local Chinese dialect and the written Chinese language dominate with the Yoghur language as the subordinate; in the perspective of marriage and heirship system, from a parallel operation of two systems (patrilineal heirship for official marriages and matrilineal heirship system for matrimonial forms through the head-wearing ceremony) to monogamy and patrilineal heirship; in the perspective of means of living, from animal husbandry complemented with hand knitting and camel caravan transporting to agricultural farming complemented with animal husbandry and many others; in the perspective of social organization, from a traditional tribe to a modern country society; in the perspective of political system and social management, from the customs-authority management which combined the dominating headman hereditary system under the tribal union of an imperial dynasty and the subordinating elite influence, to the resource-interest management of party-government departmental system under the ethnic minority autonomy of a nation state; in the perspective of religious faith, from a coexistence of the Gelug Tibetan Buddhism and Shamanism and the devout ancestor worship to the currently prevalent ancestor worship with religions declining and faith weakening; in the perspective of education, from the local-knowledge-oriented education to an official-knowledge-oriented education, in which modern schooling has become the major educational organization instead of the former traditional temple education; the school has replaced the temple as the "knowledge-culture" communication center; at least in the minds of the local people the central role of family education during the children\'s cultural development has also been replaced by schooling.

本研究描述了1907～2007年间，这个乡村社区的多面向的系统变迁：从族群文化的角度而言，从一个以尧乎尔为绝对主体的单一族群文化社区转变为一个以尧乎尔为主体的、有汉、藏、土、蒙古、哈萨克等组成的多元族群文化社区；从语言文字的角度而言，从一个以尧乎尔语和藏文为主，以汉语方言和汉文为辅的社区转变为一个以汉语方言和汉文为主，以尧乎尔语为辅的社区；从婚姻与继嗣制度的角度而言，从一个双系并行(明媒正娶婚行父系继嗣制度，帐房戴头婚行母系继嗣制度)的社区转变为行一夫一妻制和父系继嗣制度的社区；从生计方式的角度看，从一个以畜牧业生产为主，以手工编织和驼队运输为辅的社区转变为一个以农业为主，以牧业为辅的、多种生计方式并存的社区；从社会组织的形态而言，从一个传统部落社会转变为一个现代乡村社会；从政治制度和社会控制的角度而言，从帝制王朝的部落联盟制下头目世袭制为主，户族精英为辅的习俗—权威型控制方式转变为一个民族-国家中民族区域自治制度下以党政科层制的资源—利益型控制方式；从宗教信仰的角度而言，从一个格鲁派藏传佛教和萨满教并存，祖先崇拜之风甚烈的社区转变为寺庙衰落、信仰淡化、惟祖先崇拜仍广为流行的社区；从教育的角度而言，从一个以地方知识教育为主的社区转变为一个以官方知识教育为主的社区，现代学校教育取代了传统寺庙教育成为社区的主要教育组织形式，学校取代寺庙成为"知识—文化"传播的中心，在青少年儿童的文化成长过程中，家庭教养扮演的中心角色，至少在乡民的观念上被学校教育替代。

It was a change, decidedly, from the luxurious comforts of Audley Court, and it was rather a strange fancy of the young barrister to prefer loitering at this dreary village hostelry, to returning to his snug chambers in Fig-tree Court.

从奢华舒适的奥德利庄院府邸到这乡村小旅馆，这是个截然不同的变化；宁可在这沉闷的乡村旅馆里盘桓，却不愿回到无花果树法院舒适的事务所里，这倒是年轻大律师异想天开的荒唐主意。

I grew up in rural Humboldt County-- and so Im a country boy at heart..

我在洪堡郡的乡下长大，所以从内心来说我就是一个乡村青年，但是不是乡村音乐人。

There is the village idealization tendency in Chinese movies.

新中国乡村电影创作中的理想化倾向乡村电影

There are six parts in the paper: The first part introduces the theories about the rural inhabitable environment and rural settlement system.

全文共分为六章：第一章为乡村人居环境与乡村住区系统的理论研究。

The spatial limitation of the system and the certain definition of the system present a practical platform for the optimization of the rural inhabitable environment.

乡村住区系统的空间有限性和内涵确定性构筑了乡村人居环境优化的实践操作平台。

Suburb is the transition zone between city and village , it is aslo the intersectional area where the artificial ecosystem of city and the natural ecosystem of village exists .

城郊是城市与乡村相交接的部分，是城市人工生态系统和乡村自然生态系统相交的边缘地带。

There were urban landscapes and rural diners and flags and juke boxes kids and cars.

有乡村的风景，也有乡村的，有进餐者、国旗、自动点唱机，有小孩和汽车。

Chapter Two "The life myths under the domination of culture of the country politics", taking as examples Bai Jie Cao, Limner WangI988, and such works, analyzes Henan New Era novelists' attitudes toward modernity, warmly but resistant in their mind.

导论"现代性、乡村政治文化与河南新时期小说"对于现代性的缘起以及它与中国文学的关系进行了一番比较细致的梳理，指出"现代性语境中的乡村政治文化言说"是河南新时期小说的一个基本主题。

If the village had been beautiful at first it was now in the full glow and luxuriance of its richness.

如果说春天的乡村景色旖旎，那么，夏天的乡村正展示出它全部的魅力和丰盈。

Objective To investigate the effects of interleukin-1 β converting enzyme gene on the biologic characteristics of ovarian cancer cells.

目的 探讨白细胞介素-1 β转换酶的表达，对卵巢癌细胞生物学特性的影响。

Campylobacter: This illness is the most commonly identified cause of diarrheal illness in the world.

弯曲：这种病是最常见的原因查明腹泻病，在世界上。