专制国家

Most nations denounce this absolutist position, but, still, in practice, it describes many nations' behavior.

大部分国家谴责这种专制立场，但很多国家的实际行为就是这样的。

A group of people according to their own desires to rule the country, then this is the authoritarian nation.

一群人能够按照自己的意愿治理国家，那么这就是专制的国家。

A group of people as they wish to govern the country, so this is despotism.

一群人能够按照自己的意愿治理国家，那么这就是专制的国家。

I will compress them within the narrowest compass they will bear, staling the general principle, but not all its limitations. Equal and exact justice to all men, of whatever state or persuasion, religious or political; peace, commerce, and honest friendship with all nations, entangling alliances with none; the support of the State governments in all their rights, as the most competent administrations for our domestic concerns and the surest bulwarks against antirepublican tendencies; the preservation of the General Government in its whole constitutional vigor, as the sheet anchor of our peace at home and safety abroad; a jealous care of the right of election by the people--a mild and safe corrective of abuses which are lopped by the sword of revolution where peaceable remedies are unprovided; absolute acquiescence in the decisions of the majority, the vital principle of republics, from which is no appeal but to force, the vital principle and immediate parent of despotism

我打算尽量简略地加以陈述，只讲一般原则，而不讲其全部范畴：不管人们的地位、宗教信仰或政治主张有何不同，人人都应得到平等和绝对公正的待遇；与所有国家和平相处，互相通商，并保持诚挚的友谊，但不与任何国家结盟，以免纠缠不清；维护各州政府的一切权利，使它们成爲处理我们内政最合适的机构，以及抵制反共和趋势的最有力的屏障；维护全国的政府，使之能充分行使宪法赋予的权力，从而成爲对内和平和对外安全的最后堡垒；要十分注意维护人民的选举权，因爲革命留下的弊端，一时没有和平的补救办法，而人民选举权乃是对那些弊端的一种温和而安全的矫正手段；要绝对服从多数的决定，这是共和政体的主要原则，离开这个原则，便只好诉诸武力，而这就是专制的主要原则和直接起源

I will compress them within the narrowest compass they will bear, staling the general principle, but not all its limitations. Equal and exact justice to all men, of whatever state or persuasion, religious or political; peace, commerce, and honest friendship with all nations, entangling alliances with none; the support of the State governments in all their rights, as the most competent administrations for our domestic concerns and the surest bulwarks against antirepublican tendencies; the preservation of the General Government in its whole constitutional vigor, as the sheet anchor of our peace at home and safety abroad; a jealous care of the right of election by the people--a mild and safe corrective of abuses which are lopped by the sword of revolution where peaceable remedies are unprovided; absolute acquiescence in the decisions of the majority, the vital principle of republics, from which is no appeal but to force, the vital principle and immediate parent of despotism; a well-disciplined militia, our best reliance in peace and for the first moments of war, till regulars may relieve them; the supremacy of the civil over the military authority; economy in the public expense, that labor may be lightly burthened; the honest payment of our debts and sacred preservation of the public faith; encouragement of agriculture, and of commerce as its handmaid; the diffusion of information and arraignment of all abuses at the bar of the public reason; freedom of religion; freedom of the press, and freedom of person under the protection of the habeas corpus, and trial by juries impartially selected.

我打算尽量简略地加以陈述，只讲一般原则，而不讲其全部范畴：不管人们的地位、宗教信仰或政治主张有何不同，人人都应得到平等和绝对公正的待遇；与所有国家和平相处，互相通商，并保持诚挚的友谊，但不与任何国家结盟，以免纠缠不清；维护各州政府的一切权利，使它们成为处理我们内政最合适的机构，以及抵制反共和趋势的最有力的屏障；维护全国的政府，使之能充分行使宪法赋予的权力，从而成为对内和平和对外安全的最后堡垒；要十分注意维护人民的选举权，因为革命留下的弊端，一时没有和平的补救办法，而人民选举权乃是对那些弊端的一种温和而安全的矫正手段；要绝对服从多数的决定，这是共和政体的主要原则，离开这个原则，便只好诉诸武力，而这就是专制的主要原则和直接起源；要维持一支纪律严明的民团，以作为和平时期和战争初期的最好依仗，直至正规军来接替；实行文权高於军校的政制；节省政府开支，减轻劳动人民的负担；如实偿还我们的债务，把维护政府的信用看作神圣的义务；促进农业发展，并鼓励以商辅农；传播知识并以公众理智为依据谴责一切弊端；保障宗教自由及出版自由，并以人身保护令以及由公平选出的陪审团进行审判来保障人身自由。

On the one hand, they demonstrated zealously the legitimacy of the origin and powers of the state, and gave support to the growing kingship in theory. On the other hand, in order to prevent the autarchical majesty from trespassing on the citizenship, it must constructed rationality state power system.

他们一方面积极论证国家起源和国家权力的合法性，并给予成长中的王权以理论支持；另一方面，为防止专制王权对市民权利的侵夺，又对国家权力的合理性配置进行必要的理论建构。

He so-called freedom did not mean the political liberty including rights, personality, democracy, and so on. He meant the spiritual freedom under conscience, connecting reality with ego. This kind of idea of freedom tied with national organism became the important basis of nationalism, which raised the national freedom and at the same time suppressed the individual rights and personality. About the problem between freedom and authority, Liang thought that China should practise open-minded tyranny, which meant tyrannizing on the nation but not on the people, just like Meiji times in Japan.

梁之所谓自由，并非是包含权利、个性、民主等含义在内的政治自由，而是真我同一、听从良心之自由；这种自由观与国家有机体说相结合，成为张扬团体自由、抑制个人自由与个性的国家主义的重要理论依据；在自由与权威的关系问题上，有见于明治绝对主义政权的威力与速成性，梁认为中国应实行开明专制，即以专制客体为目的的专制统治。

Go where you may, search where you will, roam through all the monarchies and despotisms of the Old World, travel through South America, search out every abuse, and when you have found the last, lay your facts by the side of the everyday practices of this nation, and you will say with me that, for revolting barbarity and shameless hypocrisy, America reigns without a rival.

不论你们走到哪里，不论你们在哪里寻觅，游遍旧大陆的所有君主国和专制国家，踏遍整个南美洲，收集所有残忍的记录直至穷尽；然后把你们的调查结果与美国每天发生的事作个比较，你们就会与我一样得出结论：在令人发指的野蛮和厚颜无耻的伪善方面，美国的确是举世无双了。

Go where you may, search where you will, roam through all the monarchies and despotisms of the Old World, travel through South America, search out every abuse, and when you have found the last, lay your facts by the side of the everyday practices of this nation, and you will say with me that, for revolting barbarity and shameless hypocrisy, America reigns without a rival.

不论你们走到哪里，不论你们在哪里寻觅，游遍旧大陆的所有君主国和专制国家，踏遍整个南美洲，收集所有残忍的记录直至穷尽；然后把你们的调查结果与美国每天发生的事作个比较，你们就会与我一样得出结论：在令人发指的野蛮和厚顔无耻的僞善方面，美国的确是举世无双了。

Authoritarians everywhere - from Russia to Venezuela - have done the same.

专制国家——不管是俄国还是委内瑞拉都是同样的行径。

Cynanchum Lingtai apricot production in the average weight 65 grams, the brightly-colored fruit, juicy rich, sweet-sour taste, sweet from the nucleolus, when the late Qing Dynasty famous Shaanxi, Gansu provinces, the Qing imperial court Tongzhi tribute for years.

灵台生产的牛心杏平均单果重65克，果实色泽鲜艳，汁多味浓，甜酸适口，离核仁甜，清末时就驰名陕、甘两省，清同治年间曾为朝廷贡品。

Chenopodium album,Solanum nigrum, and Amaranthus retroflexus were very susceptible to the herbicides. Polygonum persicaria and Abutilon theophrasti were relatively less susceptible to the herbicides, and Lycopersicon esculentum was not susceptible to it. The relationship between reduction rates of weed biomass and PPM values of weed leaves 2,4, and 6 days after treatment was established.

供试的6种杂草对该混剂的敏感性存在显著差异：红心藜Chenopodium album、龙葵Solanum nigrum和反枝苋Amaranthus retroflexus对该混剂最敏感，ED90值分别为47.65、71.67和29.17g/hm2；春蓼Polygonum persicaria和苘麻Abutilon theophrasti敏感，ED90值分别为96.91、114.20g/hm2；而番茄不敏感。