查询词典 words

This dissertation takes the words in the 2002 Enlarged Edition of The Contemporary Chinese Dictionary as the language data bank, analyses the lexical entries included in this dictionary one by one and classifies them as figurative words, metonymy words, hyperbole words, caique words, euphemism words, contrast words, respect and depreciatory expression according to the rhetoric methods they adopted when they are created, the author tries to reveal some basis of creation of their generation through the analysis of these rhetoric words.

全文共分五个部分：前言就新词新语不断产生的语言现实说明有必要从修辞角度来研究词汇的生成，并说明以《现汉》为语料的原由；第一章从三个方面阐明修辞造词研究的必要性：第二章具体分析修辞造词的各种类型；第三章对《现汉》的释义提出了一些意见；第四章讨论修辞造词的研究成果对对外汉语教学的指导意义，并对《现汉》的解释体例、方式提出了自己的一些看法。

That is to say, we could draw a conclusion through the comparison of different editions of drum words of Two Degrees Plum in Qing Dynasty Republic of China with the form, content and thought of novel, and the comparison of the form, content and thought with different editions of drum words. Our conclusion is that different type of edition of the drum words in latter Qing Dynasty times, which basically followed the traditional modes of past drum words from the formality, but the ideological content could directly reflect the vicissitudes of society and idea at that time with the times changed. The different types of texts of drum words had directly reflected the traditional entertainment involving talking and singing entertainer's thoughts (they represented the first floor people's thoughts at that time), and also had directly reflected the common and popular writers'thoughts from their adaptions(they represented at that time one kind of residential social stratum thought which increased sharply along with city expanded and resident social stratum population produced, and this thought also referred to one kind of thought after the chromolithography had entered into China in latter Qing dynasty, cultural printing propagation velocity sped up and drum words gradually became the ordinary resident's table-top reading material).This kind of thought produced along with the social vicissitudes, also impelled the entire society's forward development and the progress from the science and technology and the cultural domain.

本文即是对《二度梅》小说故事被改编为鼓词的文本进行研究的一篇论文，即通过对现存的清代民国《二度梅》鼓词的不同类型的版本与小说形式、内容、思想之间的比较，鼓词与鼓词不同类型版本之间的形式、内容、思想之间的比较，来阐述出一个结论，就是晚清时期的不同类型的鼓词版本，从形式上基本仍然沿袭了过去鼓词的传统模式，但内容思想上则随着时代变化而能够更直接地反映着当时的社会思想变迁，鼓词不同类型的版本文本直接反映了说唱艺人的思想(他们代表的是当时底层民众的思想)，也直接反映了文人改编鼓词的普通俗文人思想(他们代表了当时随着城市的扩大市民阶层人数的激增而产生的一种市民阶层的思想，当然这种思想也是指晚清石印术进入中国后文化印刷传播速度加快，鼓词逐渐成为普通市民的案头读物后而产生的一种思想来说的)，正是这种随着社会变迁产生的思想，又从科技和文化领域推动了整个社会的向前发展和进步。

With reference to the marked li words in the Modern Mandarin Dictionary, 2002 edition, this paper tries to gather up the basic features of the li words from their syllable structures, acceptation structures and internal structures. In syllable aspect, the polysyllable words are dominant. For example, the disyllable words are more than 22 times of the monosyllable words. In acceptation aspects, the multivocal words are less than monovocal words. And in internal structure aspect, the compositive words are much more than the single words.

本文以《现代汉语词典(2002年增补本)》中有标注的詈词为考察对象，从音节结构、词义架构、内部构造方面来考察，初步概括出了这类词的基本特征：从音节结构上看，詈词中多音词占绝对优势，仅双音词就是单音词的22倍强；在词义架构上，詈词以单义词为主，而多义词较少；从词的内部构成情况来看，詈词中合成词大大多于单纯词。

All learners will enjoy it and at the same time learn about such things as numeral-classifier compounds, synonyms, antonyms, words in neutral tone, suffixation of non-syllabic words, contradictory words, foreign words, colloquial words, written terms, self-depreciatory expressions, forbidden terms, idioms, words with many pronunciations, homophonic words, development and standardization of characters and terms.

学习者可以在轻松愉快的阅读中学习有关数量词、同义词、反义词、轻声词、儿化词、矛盾词、外来词、口语词、书面词、谦敬语、禁忌语、成语、多音字、谐音字、异读字、同音词、词义的分化、词汇的发展与规范以及词语中的文化知识等，以巩固和提高汉语水平，扩大汉语语言方面的视野。

The author manages to find out the origins of these words from the perspective of the developmental history of Chinese words, and to present a further description for the historical track along which the meanings of these words develop. Another goal of this thesis is to supplement the present dictionaries with some meanings of certain words or even words which fail to be collected, to ccrrect some mistakes in these dictionaries or other relevant works, to show the influence of the languages of Buddhist documents on that of Dunhuang documents, and eventually to enlighten people as to the study on the development of the common-core words in Chinese as well as the lexicological history of the Chinese language.

本文即综合运用类比归纳、据对文或异文以求同义词或反义词，以及探求语源等方法，对敦煌变文中19组34个&字面普通而义别&的俗语词逐一进行了考释，试图从汉语词汇发展史的角度去考察语源，寻求其成词及得义之由，并进一步探索其词义演变发展的历史轨迹，以期弥补字典辞书的失收或漏释、匡正字典辞书及此前著作的误释或释义不清、说明佛典文献语言对敦煌文献的影响，最终达到给汉语常用词演变研究以及汉语词汇史研究以一点小小的提示与启发的目的。

The conclusions are as follows:(1) Neologisms in each Huayu region can be classified into two major categories:self-originated and others-originated,among which the new-born words are "absolute new words" and the inherited word are "relative new words",and there are also others-originated elements in the morphemic and sense systems of new words;(2) Variation can be seen in the morpheme,formation,building and sense of new words in Huayu regions,besides individuals of new words;(3) Aggregation of current new words and compound words with one common morpheme and a same construction,together with the aggregation of synonyms and that of different senses in polysemies,reflect the relevance of the systems of new words in Huayu regions in their variation;(4) Regular participation of hinting sense of a formation element in forming and building new words is an important way of producing new sense of morpheme,and an important reason for the current emergence of words with more than one new senses;(5) Compared with ordinary words,the productivity of ways of word formation in forming new words both in general and of a particular class will change and new ways of word formation appear in Huayu regions;(6) The semantic collocation of the verbal morpheme of new verbs in a phrase has a great influence on the location of its structural center,and the complex syntactic behaviors of new verbs are related to the different processes of argument integration;(7) The processes of building new words with the same meaning differ in levels of approaches to motivation cognition,perspectives of motivation cognition,morpheme motivation and morpheme expression,etc.;(8) The lexical interaction in Huayu regions results in lexical subsystem intersections of current new words across two,three and four regions.

本文的主要结论是：(1)各华语区新词均可分为&自源新词&和&他源新词&两大类，其中的新生词和传承词分属&绝对新词&和&相对新词&，新词语的词素、词义系统中也含有他源成分；(2)除词语个体外，华语区新词在词素、构词、造词、词义等方面均体现了某种程度的变异：(3)通用词语聚合、同素同构词聚合、同义异形词聚合与一词多义聚合集中反映了各华语区新词语系统在变异中的关联；(4)构词单位经常提示词义参与构造新词是产生新语素义的重要途径，也是当代多新义词现象的重要成因；(5)相对于一般词语，构词方式在新词语中的总能产性和在某一词类中所体现的能产性都有所变化，华语区也产生了新的构词方式；(6)新动词的动素在短语中的语义搭配对结构核心的位置有很大影响，新动词的复杂句法表现与不同的论元整合过程有关；(7)同义新词造词过程的差异包括理据认知途径、理据认知角度、词素理据和词素表达等不同层面；(8)华语区的词汇互动形成了双区、三区和四区通用新词等词汇子系统交集，作为华语核心，普通话所含纳的通用词语多于各区域变体。

The Hunspell dictionary maintainers have done a great job creating high-quality dictionaries that anybody can use, but one of the problems with any dictionary is that there are inevitably omissions, especially as new words appear or proper nouns come into common use. We at Google are in a good position to use our knowledge of the internet to identify and fix some of these omissions. The Google translation team used their language models to generate a sorted list of the most popular words in each language. This was cross-checked with the Hunspell dictionaries to generate a list of the top 1000 words not present in each dictionary. This list includes many popular words, but also common misspellings. To remove these words, each list was reviewed by specialist in that language. Generally, we tried to keep proper nouns and even foreign words as long as they were in common usage.

Hunspell字典维护人员已经完成了一项伟大的工作，那就是创建了一个高质量的可供任何人使用的字典但是所有的字典都存在一个不可避免的问题就是词条的遗漏，特别是新出现的名词和专有名词开始广泛使用的时候我们这些在Google工作的人可以很好地使用我们的网络知识来识别并确定一些遗漏 Google翻译团队使用他们的网络模型来为每一种语言产生一个排好序的最流行词汇表它与Hunspell词典相互检验然后生成每一个字典都没有的最流行的1000个单词的列表这个列表包含了许google地球免费多流行词汇，但是也包括了常见的错别字为了删掉这些词，每一个列表都要经过语言专家的审查一般来说，我们试图包含常用的专有名词甚至是外语词汇

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你是 进化不完全的生命体，基因突变的外星人，幼稚园程度的高中生，先天蒙古症的青蛙头，圣母峰雪人的弃婴，化粪池堵塞的凶手，非洲人搞上黑*的后裔，阴阳失调的黑猩猩，被诺亚方舟压过的河马，新火山喷发口，超大无耻传声扩音喇叭，爱斯基摩人的耻辱，和蟑螂共存活的超个体，生命力腐烂的半植物，会发出臭味的**人，&唾弃&名词的源头，每天退化三次的恐龙，人类历史上最强的废材，上帝失手摔下来的旧洗衣机，能思考的无脑袋生物，损毁亚洲同胞名声的祸害，祖先为之蒙羞的子孙，沉积千年的腐植质，科学家也不敢研究的原始物种， 10倍石油浓度的沉积原料，被毁容的麦当劳叔叔，像你这种可恶的家伙：只能演电视剧里的一陀粪，比不上路边被狗洒过尿的口香糖，连如花都帅你10倍以上，找女朋友得去动物园甚至要离开地球，想要自杀只会有人劝你不要留下尸体以免污染环境，你摸过的键盘上连阿米吧原虫都活不下去，喷出来的口水比SARS还致命，装可爱的话可以瞬间解决人口膨胀的问题，耍酷装帅的话人类就只得用无性生殖，白痴可以当你的老师，智障都可以教你说人话，只要你抬头臭氧层就会破洞要移民火星是为了要离开你，如果你的丑陋可以发电的话全世界的核电厂都可以停摆，去打仗的话子弹飞弹会忍不住向你飞，手榴弹看到你会自爆，别人要开飞机去撞双子星才行而你只要跳伞就有同样的威力，你去过的名胜全部变古迹，你去过的古迹会变成历史， 18辈子都没干好事才会认识你，连丢进太阳都嫌不够环保反正横竖一句话：别让我再看见你，要是见着了你，我一定要把你灭了！

Underuse, overuse, wrong use and monotonous use of linking words. The four kinds of problems can be analyzed in greater detail. For example, underuse of linking words includes lack of linking words between clauses, between sentences, and between paragraphs; overuse of linking words consists of overuse of and, overuse of compound sentences, overuse of linking words in paragraph, and others; wrong use of linking words concern wrong use of linking words similar in form while different in meaning, wrong writing of linking words; wrong use of linking words because of wrongly understanding the logic relation between the linked parts, and others.

少用连接词语又分为分句与分句之间缺乏连接词语、句子与句子之间缺乏连接词语和段落与段落之间缺乏连接词语；滥用连接词语又分为滥用and、滥用复合句、语段中滥用连接词语和其它滥用连接词语的情况；错误使用连接词语又分为想当然使用意思或形式相近的连接词语、理解正确但记忆模糊造成连接词语书写错误、错误理解被连接成分之间的逻辑关系而错误使用连接词语以及其它错误使用连接词语的情况；连接词语单调的结论是通过对统计数据进行分析得出来的。

The academic significance and the applied value of research into Yi structural auxiliary words include the following: 1. The structural auxiliary words play an important role in Yi grammar. Many problems in Yi syntax could be solved if the special features of Yi structural auxiliary words were understood. 2. The study of Yi structural auxiliary words may provide a foundation for a theoretical framework of function words and clarify the rules for the development of Tibeto-Burman languages. 3. The study of Yi structural auxiliary words may help in the study of Chinese grammatical history. It can supply some useful clues in the study of Chinese structural auxiliary words and the historical evolution of Chinese grammar.

彝语结构助词研究的学术意义和应用价值在于：1、结构助词在彝语语法中占有重要的地位，认清了彝语的结构助词特点也就解决了彝语句法的大部分问题。2、彝语结构助词的研究有助于建立藏缅语族语言虚词理论框架，弄清藏缅语族语法手段的发展规律。3、彝语结构助词的研究有助于汉语史的研究，可以对汉语结构助词和汉语语法历史演变的研究提供许多有用的线索。4、彝语结构助词的研究还会对彝语文的规范和教学、双语教育、翻译出版等起到有益的作用，具有实际应用的价值。

What are your goals and strategies for growth?

你的成长目标和策略是什么？

And unto the angel of the church in Sardis write; These things saith he that hath the seven irits of God, and the seven star I know thy works, that thou hast a name that thou livest, and art dead.

3：1 你要写信给撒狄教会的使者，说，那有神的七灵和七星的，说，我知道你的行为，按名你是活的，其实是死的。