查询词典 taste buds

Taste aversion learning; taste buds; taste discrimination; taste epithelium; taste modifiers; taste panel evaluation; taste perception; taste pore; taste preferences; taste processing; taste receptors; taste receptor neurons; taste stimuli; taste thresholds; taste transduction; foliate; fungiform; vallate; circumvallate; umami taste; bitter principle; sweet taste; bitter taste; sour taste; salty taste; gustation; gustatory cortex; gustatory nerve; gustatory neurons; gustatory nucleus; gustatory sensilla; gustatory system

味道厌恶学习；味蕾；味道辨别力；味道上皮；味道调节剂；品尝小组评价；味道感受；味孔；味道偏爱；味道加工；味觉感受器；味觉感受器神经元；味道刺激；味觉阈值；味道转换；层状的；真菌状的；轮廓形的；围绕的；鲜味；苦味素；甜味；苦味；酸味；咸味；味觉；味觉皮层；味觉神经；味觉神经元；味觉核；味觉感器；味觉体系

Review articles only; taste buds; taste aversion learning; taste discrimination; taste epithelium; taste modifiers; taste panel evaluation; taste perception; taste pore; taste preferences; taste processing; taste receptors; taste receptor neurons; taste stimuli; taste thresholds; taste transduction; umami taste; bitter principle; sweet taste; bitter taste; sour taste; salty taste; gustation; gustatory cortex; gustatory nerve; gustatory neurons; gustatory nucleus; gustatory system; gustatory sensilla

唯一的综述；味蕾；味道厌恶学习；味道辨别力；味道上皮；味道调节剂；品评小组评估；味道感知；味孔；味道偏爱；味道加工；味觉感受器；味觉感受器神经元；味道刺激；味觉阈值；味道转换；鲜味；苦素；甜味；苦味；酸味；咸味；味觉；味觉的皮层；味觉神经；味觉的神经元；味觉核；味觉的体系；味觉感器

according to the mechanism of bitter formation, the bitter taste masking technology is classified into different sorts from different taches that disturb the bitterness formation, include adding the taste correcting substance to confuse the cerebral taste; staving or preventing the drug releasing in mouth and segregating the contact between drug and taste buds; anesthetizing the taste cell to enhance the threshold of bitter taking; preventing bitter taste receptor combining with bitter blocker, cutting off the signal transduction pathways etc.summerize the methods of taste masking technology,besides,describe the method's advantages and disadvantages, and the technology of preparation.provide academic direction for the reasonable use of bitterness taste masking.

依据苦味形成机理，从干扰苦味形成的不同环节将中药苦味掩味技术分为添加矫味剂，混淆大脑味觉掩盖药物苦味；延缓或阻止药物在口腔释放，隔离药物和味蕾的接触；麻痹味觉细胞，提高苦味感受阈值；阻止苦味受体与苦味剂的结合，切断信号传导掩盖苦味等4类，综述掩盖中药苦味的方法，并简述各方法的优缺点和制备技术，为合理应用苦味掩味技术提供理论指导。

The apical buds and axillary buds of Dracaena cambodiana Pierre ex Gagnep. were inoculated on MS medium containing 1 mg/L BA, 0.1 mg/L NAA, 100 mg/L PVP and 30 g/L sucrose for inducing shoots. After cultured for 40~50 d, the shoots bourgeoned. They were then transferred onto MS medium supplemented with 2 mg/L BA, 0.5 mg/L KT and 30 g/L sucrose for inducing clustered buds. After 25~10 d, the clustered buds formed. The proliferation rate of the clustered buds was 300%~500% per month.

以海南龙血树的顶芽和侧芽作为外植体，把其接种于MS+BA 1 mg/L+NAA0.1 mg/L+PVP100 mg/L+蔗糖30 g/L培养基上培养40~50 d可诱导其腋芽萌发，再把萌发后所形成的新芽切割下来接种于MS+BA 2mg/L+KT 0.5 mg/L+蔗糖30 g/L的培养基上培养25~30 d可诱导形成丛生芽，丛生芽在继代培养过程中每25~30 d可增殖3~5倍。

Comparing as BA, 0.1mg·L〓 TDZ was more effective in inducing germinating and developing of buds, regenerating prolific caespitose buds via organogenesis, promoting rhizogenesis and activity of root system greatly, as a result, acclimation survival rate was improved significantly. When leaf segments, cut from in vitro plantlets, were placed on MS media containing 0.1mg·L〓 TDZ, adventitious buds regenerated from segments. After transferred to propagated and rooted media, adventitious buds would proliferate and come into full plantlets.

与BA相比，TDZ的细胞分裂素活性至少高出一个数量级，0.1mg·L〓的TDZ能有效地诱导四个基因型芋茎尖的萌动、生长、大量增殖丛生芽，促进试管苗根系发生，将根系活力提高2倍以上，显著提高了试管苗的驯化成活率；浓度为0.01mg·L〓的TDZ能诱导魁芋类型的芋离体叶片切块产生再生芽点，转接后可增殖不定芽并形成再生植株。

Branches unarmed. Axillary winter buds 1 or 3, lateral buds flower buds, central bud a leaf bud; terminal winter buds present.

分枝无刺。 Axillary冬芽1或者3，侧芽花芽，中心叶芽；顶生的冬芽宿存。

Study on the rapid Propagation Technique of Lycoris. Herb and get follow results: In the period found of axenic clone 0.1%HgCl2 is the best disinfector to deal with the Lycoris" bulb ,as to neat part, such as root, leave, and bulbil, is fit to use 0.1%HgCl2 antisepsis 7min. And found the best effect is the bulb scale with base. Root, leaf and bulb scale without base all were not inducement adventitious buds. Different position of bulb had different culture effect. 3-15 of middle part of bulb can be induced most adventitious buds but inner and outer of least it. Incised the bulb with three types (pieces of eight, pieces of six, piece of four), and found the type of pieces of six is best to Lycoris mass production. L.sprengeri is fit MS+BA5mg/l+NAA0.1mg/l and L.squamigera is fit MS+BA5mg/l+NAA0.5mg/l, but the medium fit to culture L.longituba haven"t be found.In the period of Subculture-Found of mass production, the most multiplication of adventitious buds in MS+BA5mg/l+NAA0.5mg/l during subculture of L.sprengeri, L.squamigera.

石蒜属植物快速繁殖技术研究中，在无菌无性系建立阶段：鳞茎以0.1％HgCl_2消毒10-12分钟效果最好，而叶、根尖、鳞芽等较干净部位选用0.1％HgCl_2消毒7分钟；用三种石蒜属植物的叶片、根尖、鳞芽及带基盘与不带基盘鳞片进行培养，以带基盘鳞片诱导分化效果最理想，鳞芽易培养出芽，但数量有限，而叶片、根尖与不带基盘鳞片均未诱导分化；带基盘鳞片为石蒜属植物快速繁殖最佳外植体，以鳞茎中部3-15层芽诱导率高，较外层稍次之，内部鳞片诱导率最低；选用八等分法、六等分法、四等分法切割鳞茎，六等分法综合效果最好；每外植体带三鳞片培养最为适宜；三种石蒜属植物各自适合的培养基成分不同，换锦花在MS+BA5mg／l+NAA0.1mg／l中培养效果最好，夏水仙为MS+BA5mg／l+NAA0.5mg／l，而白花长筒石蒜在各培养基组合中培养效果均不理想，其适合的培养条件有待于进一步研究。

This paper has studied the physiological and biochemical changes during the period of forming strong buds of tree peony, and expect to provide academic basis for extending its view value and economic benefit . The main results are as the following:1 Under the field condition, Characteristics of photosynthesis of tree peony are very regular. From before blooming to the prophase of abducting buds that after blooming ,that is April,May and June,the net photosynthetic rate of tree peony is higher than the other period .It indicates that this period is very important for accumulating photosynthetic products of tree peony . So, if we want to get quality flower of tree peony ,it is very important to strengthen the management of tree peony cultivation and to ensure provide the fertilizer and water.2 From the middle ten days of June, with the time elapsing and with the environment conditions worsening, the characteristics of photosynthesis of tree peony decline deeply. But it is different among different tree peony breeds. For example , cv. Wu Long Peng Sheng can also has higher net photosynthetic rate, it indicates that cv. Wu Long Peng Sheng is super than the other two tree peony breeds when adapting the environment conditions and cv. Wu Long Peng Sheng has wide prospect to extend .3 The main factors of effecting the characteristics of photosynthesis are stomatal factor and non-stomatal factor ,that is the ability of photosynthesis of leaf cells. Under the environment of high light intensity in midsummer, if overshadow tree peony properly, then it can slow the declining of chlorophyll content, and increase the net photosynthetic rate and benefit for the accumulating of photosynthetic products.4 The content of soluble sugar in the root of tree peony is the highest among different organs during the period of forming strong buds . According to analyse ,we believe that the soluble sugar will compose starch then, and provide the solid base of material for the growth and development next year. It provide us strong academic basis of adopting the method of cultivating root and protecting root under thefield environment conditions .In other words ,it will help to increase the health level of the whole plant of tree peony and will be beneficial to forming quality tree peony flower if we strengthen the management of root. 5 To tree peony, the endogenesis hormone is important for its growth and development .In the prophase ,that is about the blooming of tree peony and the mid-summer ,IAA and ZR contents are higher and GA content is lower and its changes are very little, and the content of ABA is decreasing . This indicates that IAA and ZR act the important promote function for growth and development of tree peony in this period, and the function of GA is not important. Bur in the period of anniversary senescence of tree peony , the content of IAA and ZR begin to decrease ,while the ABA content has a certain rebound .T

本研究对几个牡丹品种壮芽形成过程中的某些生理生化变化做了研究，以期了解牡丹生长发育过程中生理生化的变化规律，探讨大田栽培条件下提高牡丹花质量的栽培措施和管理技术，为提高牡丹的观赏价值和经济效益提供理论依据，结果如下：1 大田栽培条件下，牡丹光合特性在生长发育过程中表现出极强的规律性，牡丹各品种的光合速率从牡丹开花前，到牡丹花谢后的花芽诱导期前期（6月10日之前），也就是在4、5、6月份，各牡丹品种的净光合速率相对与其他时间都维持在比较高的水平，这说明，在这段时间，是牡丹光合产物积累的重要时期，因此，要保证得到高质量的牡丹花，在这段时间加强对牡丹的栽培管理，保证这个时期的肥水供应十分重要。2 从6月中旬后，随时间的推移，环境条件的恶化，牡丹的光合性能剧烈下降，但是不同牡丹品种间仍有差异，比如，乌龙捧盛仍可维持较高的光合水平，这说明了乌龙捧盛这个牡丹品种对于环境的适应性较之其他牡丹品种高，有着广泛的推广前景。3 影响牡丹光合性能的主要因子是气孔因素和非气孔因素即叶肉细胞的光合能力，在盛夏高温高光强的环境条件下，对牡丹进行适当遮荫，能缓解牡丹叶绿素水平的下降，适当提高Pn，有利于光合产物的积累。4 可溶性糖在牡丹各品种的壮芽形成过程中，根中可溶性糖的含量在牡丹各部位中始终维持最高水平，分析认为这些可溶性糖在根系中进一步合成淀粉等储藏性物质，为来年牡丹的生长提供雄厚的物质基础，这为我们在大田栽培条件下对牡丹采取养根护根的栽培措施提供了有力的理论依据，即在大田栽培条件下，加强对牡丹根系的管理，有助于提高牡丹整株的健壮程度，有益于形成高质量的牡丹花。5内源激素对牡丹的生长发育调节作用是十分明显的，在前期，即开花前后和盛夏，IAA和ZR含量维持在比较高的水平，GA含量低且变化不明显，ABA含量逐渐降低，说明了IAA和ZR对牡丹在这段时间内的生长发育起到重要的促进作用，GA的作用不是很明显，ABA可能在高温高光强下有明显的升高，也说明了ABA的确有一些促进作用，但是到了牡丹周年衰老期，IAA和ZR的含量开始下降，ABA含量却有了一定程度的反弹，说明了IAA和ZR的作用开始降低，ABA起到了促进衰老的作用

And so tree peony is the main economic support of the product area of tree peony .All of this need a systemic and scientific cognition of the rules of grow and development of tree peony. But as the study on the physiological and biochemical changes during the period of forming strong buds of tree peony is concerned, the level is very low and still use the traditional methods of cultivation and management . So if we want to get the quality flowers ,we should have quality buds and we should use all methods ,if we can , to meet the conditions that tree peony needs. And so it is very important for theory and practice to study the physiological and biochemical changes during the period of forming strong buds of tree peony.

但是，不论是生产商品苗木还是用于反季节催花，都需要对牡丹的生长发育规律有一个系统和科学的认识，然而，目前的牡丹栽培仍然衍用传统的栽培技术，对牡丹生长发育过程中的生理生化变化规律的认识，却还停留在比较肤浅的水平和层次上，因此要得到高质量的牡丹花，就要有高质量的牡丹芽，就必须按照牡丹的生长发育规律，建立科学的栽培技术体系，在牡丹壮芽形成过程中运用一切可以运用的栽培措施、管理技术来满足条件，因此，对牡丹壮芽形成过程中的生理生化变化的研究就具有十分重要的理论和实践意义。

For the bud directly differentiation , the suitable culture medium was MS+BA 2mg/L +NAA 0.2mg/L or MS+TDZ0.01mg/L +NAA0.2 mg/L, of which the induction rate was 88% and 100% respectively. An efficient tissue culture system has been developed with the bud of mature seed of Aesculus hippocastanum L. as explants . Buds were induced from 2cm high young plantlet cultured on MS medium supplemented with 0.6 mg/L 6-BA plus 0.1mg/L or 0.4~0.6mg/L ZT plus 0.1 mg/L NAA for 15 d, and the induction rate was 100%, the mean No. of buds was 35.7; The combination of MS+0.2mg/L 6-BA +0.1mg/L NAA + 10mg/L AD was the suitable culture medium for elongation of the buds.

以欧洲七叶树成熟种子的胚芽进行离体培养和快速繁殖，结果表明：高约2cm的无菌苗在MS+0.6mg／L 6-BA+0.1 mg／L NAA或MS+0.4～0.6mg／L ZT+0.1 mg／L NAA培养基上培养15 d左右可诱导出不定芽，分化频率为100％，平均每株产芽35.7个；MS+0.2mg／L 6-BA+0.1mg／L NAA+10mg／L AD培养基有利于芽伸长；生根培养基为1／2MS+0.4 mg／L NAA+0.2mg／L IBA时，生根率可达75％。

If you were not , and OS X just booted normally, have no fear.

如果你没有，和OS X刚刚启动通常，没有恐惧。

I only want to preserve our all .

我只想保存好我们的一切