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Tangent linear and adjoint method of "on-off " switches are studied in this paper.

本文研究了四维变分资料同化中有关"开关"变量的切向线性化和伴随问题。

After a historical motivation of the definition of a Lie group we shall develop basic manifold theory, vector fields, tangent spaces leading to the Exponential mapping for an affine connection.

在简单介绍了李群的定义的历史来源之后，我们将讨论关於流形理论、向量场和切空间，进而引出仿射联络的指数映射的基本知识。

This paper first summarizes recent researches on this topic, and then proposes some methods for curve modeling with cubic algebraic curve based on pure geometric constraints that involve control points, tangent directions and curvatures.

然后提出了一种基于几何约束的三次代数曲线的插值方法，该方法完全通过几何量如控制顶点、切线和曲率来控制三次代数曲线的形状，使得对三次代数曲线的编辑与对三次 B-样条曲线的编辑一样灵活方便。

In addition, from the shadow zone to tangent segment, the orders for distribution of the beach states in the same space is inclined to change from dissipation type to alongshore bar-trough, to rhythmic bar-trough, to skew bar, to ridge-runnel , and to reflection type.

从遮蔽岸段到直线岸段，同一空间的海滩地貌状态一般表现为消散型→沿岸坝—槽→韵律坝槽→歪斜沙坝→脊—沟→反射型状态。

Based on the theory, the differential geometry of statistical model proposed by Amari is generalized from probability space to Sugeno measure space, and a new notion of fuzzy manifold based on Sugeno measure is proposed, including the fundamental differential-geometrical structures of statistical models, the tangent space, and the Riemannian metric in a fuzzy manifold.

第四章介绍了Sugeno测度空间上随机变量的数字特征，在此基础上将学者Amari提出的统计流形从概率测度空间推广到Sugeno测度空间，提出了一种基于Sugeno测度的模糊流形分析方法，包括Sugeno模糊模型的基本微分几何结构，模糊流形中的切空间、黎曼度量。

To solve the problem about determinant and solution to tangent line of curve of second order in Analytic Geometry with viewpoint and methods of Higher Geometry.

利用《高等几何》的观点、方法解决《解析几何》中的二次曲线的切线的存在性与求法问题。

The method of slope deflection entails writing two equations for each member of a continuous frame, one at each end, expressing the end moment as the sum of four contributions:(1) the restraining moment associated with an assumed fixed-end condition for the loaded span,(2) the moment associated with rotation of the tangent to the elastic curves at the near end of the member,(3) the moment associated with rotation of the tangent at the far end of the member, and (4) the moment associated with translation of one end of the member with respect to the other.

登录后回答可以获得经验值奖励，并可以查看和管理所有的回答。登录|边坡变形的方法需要编写的每一个成员连续帧两个方程，一个在每个月底，表示为四个贡献的总和：最后的时刻（1）限制矩假设固定结束条件相关的加载跨度，（2）目前相关的切线与旋转的弹性曲线在接近年底的成员，（3）目前的切线与旋转有关在该成员的尽头，和（4）时刻与1月底的会员与翻译相关的其他方面。

Secondary stress field resulting from valley cutting is basically symmetric about the valley central line hut not of axial symmetry . From top to foot of valley wall , the tangent stress and the width of high tangent stress zone get gradually big , reaching maximum at the valley botton .

沟谷的下切形成的二次应力场除了关于沟谷中线基本对称外，不具备轴对称特征，从坡顶到坡角，切应力高值区内切应力量级和高值区的宽度逐渐增大，在沟谷正下方达到最大，甚至有可能突然增大。

Ruian City Reiter印刷机械厂India is a professional production equipment after the modernization of enterprises, with more than 20 years of professional manufacturing bronzing machine, indentation machine, tangent of the experience, products mainly applied to the plastic film, leather, rubber, paper materials Al telephone hot on the various platinum, while the paper cups in different specifications on the indentation, tangent trademarks, carton boxes and other printed materials, the use of a machine, is supporting all types of printing press equipment, applicable to the actual needs of small and medium-sized printing plant .

瑞安市瑞特印刷机械厂是一专业生产印后设备的现代化企业，具有二十多年专业制造烫金机，压痕机，切线机的经验，产品主要适用于在塑料片，皮革，橡胶，纸张的材料上烫各种电话铝铂，同时在不同规格的纸杯上压痕，切线商标，纸盒等印品，一机多用，是各类印刷机的配套设备，适用于中小型印刷厂的实际需要。

Firstly, the related parameters are distributed periodically in the falling film and their periods all equal to that of vacillation of fishing vessel. Secondly, the film tangent and radial velocity components are not zero because of vacillating additional inertia forces and furthermore, in one vacillation period, most parameters are distributed quite regularly in the tangent and radial directions. Thirdly, when other parameters are kept constant, the falling film absorption is enhanced if the amplitude or the period of vacillation is moderately decreased and this result conforms to the theoretical qualitative analysis. Finally, falling film absorption changes with the solution parameters at inlet and system pressure and the change trend is very similar to what happened in the static tube.

首先，降膜内相关参数分布具有周期性且周期等于摇摆振动周期；其次，摇摆附加惯性力使液膜沿吸收管周向和径向流速不为零，而且单位摇摆周期内各参数沿周向和管长方向分布比较规律；再次，当其他参数一定时，适当减小摇摆幅度和摇摆周期，液膜吸收能力将增强，这与理论定性分析相当吻合；最后，改变溶液入口参数及吸收压力，相应的吸收情况有所改变，其趋势与静止状态下的降膜吸收非常一致。

Cynanchum Lingtai apricot production in the average weight 65 grams, the brightly-colored fruit, juicy rich, sweet-sour taste, sweet from the nucleolus, when the late Qing Dynasty famous Shaanxi, Gansu provinces, the Qing imperial court Tongzhi tribute for years.

灵台生产的牛心杏平均单果重65克，果实色泽鲜艳，汁多味浓，甜酸适口，离核仁甜，清末时就驰名陕、甘两省，清同治年间曾为朝廷贡品。

Chenopodium album,Solanum nigrum, and Amaranthus retroflexus were very susceptible to the herbicides. Polygonum persicaria and Abutilon theophrasti were relatively less susceptible to the herbicides, and Lycopersicon esculentum was not susceptible to it. The relationship between reduction rates of weed biomass and PPM values of weed leaves 2,4, and 6 days after treatment was established.

供试的6种杂草对该混剂的敏感性存在显著差异：红心藜Chenopodium album、龙葵Solanum nigrum和反枝苋Amaranthus retroflexus对该混剂最敏感，ED90值分别为47.65、71.67和29.17g/hm2；春蓼Polygonum persicaria和苘麻Abutilon theophrasti敏感，ED90值分别为96.91、114.20g/hm2；而番茄不敏感。