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At present, although finite element methods is a kind of effective measures in analyzing metal plastically forming problems with friction, dynamic friction in the process of metal forming is substituted with static friction and constant frictional force as one of independent constraint conditions is transposed to equivalent node-load or FEM unit is divided into contact unit and inner unit in numerous studys and applications, so that it result in relative bad accuracy and awkward operation. These defects mostly attribute to the fact that FEM bases on the variational equality principles, however frictional constraint will actually result in variational inequality energy functional.

目前，应用于分析金属塑性成形的有限元法是一种有效的处理摩擦效应的定量计算方法，但是许多应用和研究是用常摩擦来代替金属塑性成形过程中的动态摩擦；把常摩擦力作为单独的约束条件移置到等效结点载荷上或把有限元单元划分成接触单元和内单元，这些将导致解的精度相对不高及实际操作不方便等一系列问题，产生这些不足的重要原因之一在于它的理论基础是变分等式原理。

The UV-Visible absorption spectra and the fluorescence emission spectra of sixteen tetra-substituted metallo-phthalocyanine complexes {R4PcM, where R=2-［4-(2-sulfonic ethyl)piperazin-1-］ ethoxyl, 2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxyl; substitution position at α-position and β-position of phthalocyanine ring; M=Zn, Ni, Coand Cu} were measured.

报道了16种含哌嗪或含哌啶四取代酞菁金属配合物{R4PcM， R=2-［4-(2-磺基乙基)哌嗪-1-基］乙氧基、 2-(哌啶-1-基)乙氧基；取代位置分别在α位和β位； M=Zn， Ni， Co， Cu}的UV-Vis吸收光谱和荧光发射光谱的测定，探讨了中心金属离子、取代基种类及其取代位置、溶剂等因素对酞菁金属配合物UV-Vis吸收光谱和荧光发射光谱性质的影响。

Methods The propylbridged biferrocenyl substituted pyridazinone was synthesized by the reaction of propylbridged biferrocene with ethyl succinyl chloride, and then condensed with hydrazine hydrate.

双二茂铁丙烷先与丁二酸单乙酯酰氯发生酰化反应，生成的1，4酮酸酯再与水合肼缩合得到含有双二茂铁丙烷的哒嗪酮衍生物。

Analysis for testability is widely used in DFT and test pattern generation, but most testability analysis algorithms have the shortcoming of either inaccuracy or being too complicated. A new method to calculate the signal probabilities of the nodes in IC is pre-sented in Chapter 7 of this dissertation. The signal probabilities by our method is more exact than by the previous ones. A symbol of the signal probability at the fan-out node is created and is propagated to the RFON (Reconvergent Fan-out Nodes). At the RFON, the expression containing the symbol is simplified using the rule which corresponds to the law of identity in Boolean algebra. After the expression is simplified, the symbol is substituted with its numeric value. Theoretical analysis shows that this method is concise and has a low computing complexity.

可测试性分析在可测试性设计和测试生成中都有着广泛的应用，然而大部分的可测性分析方法都存在不精确或者过于复杂的毛病，在第七章中作者提出了一种新的计算IC电路节点的信号概率值的符号算法，该算法得出的信号概率值比用以往的算法法得出的要更准确，也更简洁，针对电路中的扇出节点重汇聚现象，我们在每一个扇出节点定义了一个信号概率的符号，在以后的计算中一直使用该符号参与计算，直到该符号传播至重汇聚处，利用一定的规则把含符号的表达式化简，再将符号的真实值代入，在计算符号概率的过程中定义了一个和布尔代数中的同一律相对应的运算规则，通过该运算规则，使得信号概率的结果更加准确，符号算法具有简洁方便，计算复杂度小的特点 4。

Based on LSER method, the relationship between the acute toxicity of 26 substituted aromatic compounds on Photobacterium phosphoreum, Daphnia magna and fathead minnow and their theoritical solvatochromic parameters, the high correlation were found, it provided an example to introduce the quantum chemical parameters into QSAR study.

以线性溶剂化能相关理论为基础，利用理论溶剂化参数分析了26种取代芳香化合物对呆鲦鱼、发光菌和大型蚤的急性毒性，为成功地将量子化学参数引入QSAR研究探寻了一条新路。

In case of fault, the faulty block in functional circuit can be substituted by the programmable block, by which on-line repair is achieved.

在故障情况下，可编程模块可以替换工作电路中的故障模块，实现在线修复。

Mach-Zehnder Optical fiber space interferometer is an optical instrument in which the traditional optical interferometer arms are substituted by two fibers. It uses a visible light, and the interference of beams from fibers will be observed in the screen.

光纤Mach-Zehnder干涉仪是利用光纤代替常规M-Z干涉仪传输光路的一种仪器，使用在可见波段，由光纤出射的光在空间进行干涉，在干涉屏上出现可见的干涉条纹。

As it was, Fig-tree Court was a pleasant hermitage in its way, and for breviaries and Books of Hours, I am ashamed to say the young barrister substituted Paul de Kock and Dumas, fils.

事实上，无花果树法院是个自成格局的、宜人的隐居之所，至于日课之经和祈祷之书，我真不好意思说，年轻大律师已经以保尔·德·柯克和小仲马④的书取而代之了。

If traditional materials are inaccessible, new materials are often substituted, resulting in contemporary expressions of traditional folk art forms.

如果不能找到传统的材料，那么新材料就会取而代之，最终导致传统民俗艺术方式的现代化的表现形式。

The modification was nearly negligible in which the full adder cells are substituted by cells termed modified full adder and such design has not any additional critical paths inside the adders.

该设计改动微乎其微，通过将原有加法单元替换为一种改进的加法单元，对加法器原有关键通路无任何额外的时延影响。

He's a pretty westernised kind of guy.

他是一个非常西化的人。

National spirit is the moral kingpin for a nation to realize common ideal and goal.

一、中华民族精神的基本内涵党的十六大报告指出：在五千多年的发展中，中华民族形成了以爱国主义为核心的团结统一、爱好和平、勤劳勇敢、自强不息的伟大民族精神。